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JOURNAL OF THE F.M.S. MUSEUMS,
NGF POE
This Journal takes the place of the * Perak Muscuin Notes” ;
* the first number of which was issued in 1893.
JOURNAL
OF THE
FEDERATED MALAY STATES
MUSEUMS.
VOL. Il.
DECEMBER, 1906, TO MARCH, 1909.
KUALA LUMPUR:
PRINTED AT THE F.M.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
—_——
1909.
275/8-09,
CONTENTS.
No. 1.
Notes on the New Anti-opinm Drug, by L, Wray
A Visit to the Aroa Islands, with a List of Birds fonnd there, by Herbert
C. Robinson
“Kain Pelangi,” by L. Wray
Reports on Corundum from Perak, F.M.S8., by Prof. Wyndham R, Dunstan
Report by Director of Museums, F.M.S., 1905... er 60: ore
Report on the Perak Museum, 1905
Report on the Selangor Museum, 1905...
No. 2.
The Malay Varnish ealled “ Getah Luli,” by L. Wray ve ors
“ Biak:” An Opinm Substitute, by L. Wray ... ye goc ts pc
“ Suji Timba,” by L. Wray
Two Rubber Pests, by L. Wray ...
Die Inlandstimme der Malayischen Halbinsel, by Dr. Rudolf Martin por
The Food of the Haniadryad, by L. Wray rs rs see rs ras
Report on Erythrorylon Coca Leaves from Perak, by Prof. Wyndham R.
Dunstan art oc ers et oo es as tes ees
A Hand-List of the Birds of the Malay Peninsula, South of the Isthmus of
Kra, by Herbert C. Robinson oe
Report on a Sample of Lead Ore from Pahang, by L. Wray... as ara
Report by Director of Museums, F.M.S., 1906 ... ate
Report on the Perak Musenm, 1906... pec os oe are fe
Report on the Selangor Musenm, 1906... os a ces ae es
No. 3.
On Mammals collected by Mr. H. C. Robinson on Tioman and Aor Islands,
8. China Sea, by Oldfield Thomas ... re Pes oo nas as
On a Collection of Plants made by H. C. Robinson and L. Wray from
Gunong Tahan, Pahang, by H. N. Ridley and other Botanists...
New Mammals from the Malay Peninsula Region, by C. Boden Kloss...
66
838
S4
87
101
107
143
ll,
Page.
A Provisional List of the Mammals of the Peninsular Region, by C. Boden
Kloss... oe pac Do ys er i Pets boc 147
A List of the Bats ocenrring in the Peninsular Region with a Key to the
Genera, hy C. Boden Kloss... boc as a Pays Pere 151
7
No.
On a New Species of Cyornts from the Mountains of the Malay Peninsula,
hy Herbert C. Robinson we 168
The Birds at present known from the Mountains of the Malay Peninsula,
164
by Herbert C. Robingon
NOTES ON THE NEW ANTI-OPIUM DRUG.
By L. WRAY, 1.5.0.
PARTY of Chinese wood-cutiers, working in the jungle near
Seremban in Negri Sembilan, ran out of tea, and to supply its
place took the leaves of a jungle climber, dried them and made an
infusion in the ordinary way. This, however, was not successful, as
the beverage made the men ill with sakit pérut—i.e., bowel complaint.
The leaves were then roasted and a fair substitute for tea was obtain-
ed, which had no ill effects. Then, for some obscure reason, tengko,
opium dross, or the refuse opium after being smoked, was mixed with
it, and the men continued drinking the mixture for a week or more in
place of tea. After this time it was found that all desire for opium
smoking had been lost. Friends of the men were told of the dis-
covery, and so the news was spread and others were induced to try
the remedy.
The above is the history of the way in which the properties of the
plant, which is now quite extensively used as a cure for the opium-
smoking habit, was discovered. It was told to the writer by two of
the men now in charge of the factory of the Selangor Anti-opimn
Society in Weld Road, Kuala Lumpur, where the drng is being
prepared and distributed.
The plant which was thus used by these wood-cutters is a large
climber with a long woody stem, attaining im old specimens a dia-
meter of 6 to 7 inches and a length of a hundred or more feet. It
grows in the jungle and climbs up to the tops of the trees, so that
in the forest itself it would be very difficult to collect, as the branches
and leaves are far up out of reach. A very fine example of this great
climber is toe be seen in the town of Kuala Luwpur, near the railway
station, growing on the river bank and climbing up a large tree which
has escaped the destruction which has befallen its fellows when
the jungle was felled. In secondary forest, or bluka, it only
attains small altitudes and is easy of collection. The plant
appears to be quite common in and around Kuala Lumpur. It was
collected in 1894 on Waterfall Hill, Taiping, and the specimen is in
the Herbarium of the Perak Museum. Botanical specimens of the plant
in use at Kuala Lumpur were kindly obtained for identification by
Dec., 1906,
Mr. Choo Cheng Whay, of the Blondin Mine, Sungei NKrayong,
An examination of these preves that the plant belongs to the order
Combretaceae and is Combretum sundiacum. It is thus deseribed in
the “ Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula,” by Lieut.-
Colonel Sir George King, K.¢.1.5., ¥.R.8., page 337:
“3. Commretum sunpiacum (Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat., Suppl. 327).—A
very powerful climber ; young branches closely covered with deciduous
seales. Leaves opposite, thinly coriaceous, broadly elliptie to elliptie-
orbiedar, abruptly and very shortly acuminate; the base reunded,
ravelv: slightly cuneate, sometimes unequal-sided ; both surfaces ¢la-
brous, the upper punctate and with very sparse scales, the lower with
the scales more numerous and white with dark centres; main nerves
about six pairs, oblique, curving slightly, not prominent on the upper
surface, but slightly so on the lower when diy ; length 2.75 to 4 inches,
breadth 1.8 to 2.75 inches, petiole .4 to .8 inehes. Panicles axillary
and terminal, umbellate, longer than the leaves, the branches ending in
dense glodose, minutely bracteolate spikes. Calyx-tube about .35
inches long, minutely pubescent, not sealv, four-ridged along the ovary,
above it cylindric, expandmg upwards into a funnel-shaped mouth
with four narrowly triangular-acumimate reflexed lobes ; calyx inside
with a ring of hairs at its base, but not filled with long coarse hair,
narrowly ovate and very acute in bud. Petals much shorter than the
calvx-lobes, oval, not clawed, glabrous. Stamens exserted. Fruit
about 1 inch long and nearly as broad, with four coriaceous horizon-
tally-striate shining wings, and with a few minute seattered scales.
Clarke in Hooker, fil., I°7. Br. Ind. T, 458.
“Malacca: Maingay, 648. Singapore; Hullett, 89; Ridley, 4668.
Perak ; Seortechini, 1016. King’s Collector, 4360, 4452, 5864, 7827;
Wray. 4272.
Readily recognised by its panicled inflorescence, the branches hemg
umbellate and each ending in a globose spike of flowers with very
acute buds which are uot scaly.”
Its Malay name is given by Messrs. N. Ridley and C. Curtis in
“Malay Plant Names” in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society,” No. 38, p. 58, as akar gegambar. Two
species of the genus, Combretum decandrum and C. nanum, are men-
tioned by Sir George Watt in “A Dictionary of the Economic Pro-
ducts of India” as being used in native Indian medicine, but without
any details as to their properties or the diseases for which they are
preseri bed.
The method of preparing the drag for use is as follows: The
branches of the plant are collected in the jungles around Kuala
Lumpur and brought in. It at first fetched $4 per pikul (133% Ibs. )
in the green state, but the price subsequently fell to 52. About 120
pikuls (7 tons 3 cwts.) have been used durimg the three weeks that
the society has been in operation. On arrival it is coarsely chopped
up—twigs, leaves and all—into pieces about an mech to an inch and a
half in length. This is done either with an axe or a Chinese chopping
knife on a block of wood or by means of a pair of large shears, such as
are used by Chinese apothecaries, resembling the instrument employed
to cut cardboard. That is, there is a steel straight-edge fixed hori-
zontally to a block of wood and a movable knife-blade, pivoted at one
end and furnished with a handle at its free extremity, by which it can
be bronght down scissor-wise ayainst the fixed blade.
The chopped stuff is allowed to dry for three or more days and is
then put on large circular bamboo trays of about 25 feet in diameter,
and by the same winnowing action as is applied to padi after husking
the woody portions are separated from the leaves. The latter being
light are thrown off the tray, and the stalks by reason of their greater
weight remain on it. The two qualities into which it is thus divided
are put into separate sacks or baskets.
The next process is roasting. This is done on a large plate of
sheet iron, set in brickwork, over a charcoal fire. The iron measures
about 9 feet by 3 feet and has a low brick wall of about 1 foot in
height around three sides of it. The remaining side, a short one, being
left open to enable the roasted leaf to be easily scraped off into baskets
ut the completion of the operation. The object of separating the
material is that the leaves are not roasted quite so much as the sticks,
though in both cases the process is carried so fay that a very consider-
able proportion of the whole is reduced to charcoal. According to the
latest practice the roasting is not pushed quite as far as formerly.
While roasting, the charge is kept in motion by two men armed with
wooden hoe-like implements. When sufficiently roasted the drug is
removed from the roasting furnace and the two portions, the leaf and
the stick, are mixed together again.
The infusion is prepared by taking from 6 to 8 tahil of the roasted
drug and putting it into a kerosene oil tin filled with water. That is,
8 to 102 ozs. avoirdupois to nearly 4 gallons of water. he tins are
set ina double row on four square-sectioned parallel, horizontal iron
bars supported on brickwork at abont 9 inches from the floor level
and are heated by charcoal fires kindled beneath the supporting bars
on a grate composed of closely placed round iron rods. The tins are
kept boiling for about three hours, being covered during that time by
loose-fitting squares of tin-plate. The liquid is then poured through
a fine rattan sieve, having meshes of about one-eighth of an inch
square, into Jarge wooden barrels. The sieve retains all the grosser
portions of the spent drug, which is then thrown away. The infusion
is next ladled up, by means of bucket-shaped ladles made of tin-plate
4.
and tixed on te the end of long wooden handles, aud is then strained
through a piece of white cloth into other barrels. ‘This completes the
process, and the infusion is bottled by dipping it out with the before
mentioned ladles and pouring it through a tin funnel into square gin
or other bottles which are brought by the patients. It is a brown,
rather turbid, tea-hke fluid as thns prepared.
A complete series of specimens, illustrating the preparation of the
drug, have been collected and prepared for exhibition in the Perak
Museum.
This decoction is prescribed as follows: Whatever the amount of
opium a man habitually sinokes, that amount is to be mixed with the
infusion. It may be mentioned here that the average opium smoker
takes from 2 to 3 chi (116§ grains to 175 graims) of chandu per diem.
This quantity is often exceeded and in one case 1} tahil (875 grains.)
is stated to be the daily allowance of a particular smoker. Chandu,
which is the opium as prepared by the Chinese for the use of smokers,
is less potent that the official B. P Extract of Opium. In the act of
smoking a considerable quantity of the alkaloids contained in the
chandu is certainly destroyed and only a mere fraction is absorbed
into the system of the smoker. ‘To proceed, if, for instance, a man
has been in the habit of smoking 2 chi of chandu per day, then two
reputed quart bottles (a) and (U) of the infusion are taken, and ito
one (a) is put 2 chi of burnt chandu, roasted on an iron skewer-like
instrument in the same way as it would be if beg prepared for
smoking. ‘Then a Chinese tea-cup is half filled from bettle (@) and
taken by the patient, and half a tea-cup from bottle (J), the one which
does not contain any opium, is put into (a). This is repeated each
time a dose is taken, so that the lhquid in (a), while maintaining its
Dulk, continually decreases in its opium contents, until bottle (0) is
exhausted. The dose is to be taken as many times a day as the
patient has been in the habit of sinoking, usually three or four times,
until the two hottles are finished; when the man should, it is stated,
be cured of all wish to smoke. Tf this is not the case, then the treat-
ment is to be repeated, but with a smaller initial proportion of burnt
opium in bottle (¢), the amount being again decreased if a third
course 1s necessary. It is stated that sometimes two courses are sufli-
cient, but generally three are required.
It will probably be of interest to go more fully into the curious
system of dilution and dosage adopted in this instance. A Chinese
tea-cup holds about three fluid ounces and a reputed quart bottle
approxinately 25 ounces, so that cach lottle would contain some
16 doses. The decrease in the amount of opium would be ~jth of the
total ainount after the first dose and ;,th of the remainder for the
next, and so on for each succeeding one, up to the 17th dose, when
the dilution would remain constant to the 32nd dose. At 2 chi of
5
opium, and three doses per day, the strength of the first 21 doses would
be as under—
Amount of opium
Davs. Doses.
. per dose,
Amount per day. Daily decrease.
1... 7.291 grains
2 | 6830. ,,
lo. 83... 6449 4, = 20.540 grams
4 | 6.008 .
5 5 633 i ~ yon erains
9 6... 5.209 . 16850 ,,
7 |. 4950 7
8 464. - yes ”
3... 9 435) 2 13,942,
10... 4079 . |
ll... 3824 ” . f 2468 '
4 ..12 3585 . 11488,
3 | 3361 | os
14 31st | i yor
Bo WB 2954, 9466.
16. 2769 o
17. 2.396 1.505,
6 ... 18 ... 2.696 _,, 7.961 __,,
19 ,,. 2.596 _
20 ... 2.596 __,,
7 ... 21... 2.596 _,, 7.773,
0.183 ,,
Nee Nee
This last strength would continue till the two bottles were
exhausted on the 11th day, when the whole of the 2 chi, equal to
116.666 grains would have been taken. In the above computation,
figures beyond the third place of decimals were discarded, so that it 1s
only approximately correct. If anyone takes the trouble to check it,
it will be found that only 116.604 grains of opium are accounted for.
As the infusion contains no preservative, it is very subject to
fermentative and other changes, so that it often becomes putrescent
and has to be thrown away before the end of acourse. A fresh supply
then has to be obtained. This is stated to be of frequent occurrence,
consequently only a portion of each supply is taken by the patient in
many cases. .
Abont 130 gallons of infusion are being made and distributed to
the Chinese per day and the number of patients being treated is now
(24th Noy.) from 260 to 270. The society began work on the 3rd
November and from that date to the 23rd November 6,130 people applied
for and were given the infusion. This is equal to a daily average of 292
patients. Aceurate records appear to have been kept by the society,
and there would seem to be no reason to doubt the correctness of these
figures. The whole work is most methodically carried out. Each
applicant receives a printed slip of paper containing the directions in
Chinese as to the use of the drug and a wooden check, at the office ;
the latter he presents at the factory and receives in exchange two
6
bottles of the infusion. The checks are subsequently returned to the
office and are used im preparing the records.
From the 16th to the 23rd of November about 396 patients had
reported that they were completely cured of the habit. Previous to
the former date no records on the subject were kept. Many patients
naturally do not trouble to return and make a report.
Besides the Weld Road Establishment of the Selangor Anti-opium
Society in Kuala Lumpur, to which the above figures alone relate,
branches of the society have been opened at Kepong, Rawang,
Serendah, Sungei Besi and Kajang.
It is also being prepared and distributed at the Methodist Episcopal
Mission Hall in Sultan Street, Kuala Lumpur, and at an independent
place m Kuala Kubu. In Penang, Seremban, Malacca and Singapore
itis in use. The drug is sent from Seremban to Malacea and from
Kuala Taunpur to Penang and Singapore.
The Rev. W. E. Horley writes, under date the 6th December, that
‘about 8,000 people have apphed for the medicine at our Mission
Hall” in Sultan Street, Kuala Lumpur; und “over 7,000” in Ipoh,
Perak, ‘ within the last few weeks.”
The official opium returns for the State of Selangor show a very
considerable reduction during the months of November and December.
The figures for the period from June to December are as follows:
Month. Chests of Total duty and
opium, handling charges.
June wee i .. 141.00... $79,365.00
July 7 oe .. 158.00... 86,090.00
August Le - .. 146.00... 82,155.00
September re .. 136.00... 76,382.50
October ves oe .. 145.00... 81,590.00
November vee _ .. 106.00... 59,667.50
December a Le w= 122.08... 68,840.50
949,03
. 934,090.50
Taking the average of the five first months, as a standard, the
consumption during November shows a decrease of 38 chests and the
revenue collected during the same period a decrease of $21,449. The
figures for December show a decrease of 22 chests, which is 16 chests
invre than the November total. This increase is probably due to a
return of a certain number of the patients to their opium pipes.
[t is assumed by thuse interested in the matter that this large
falling off is directly due tu the effects of the anti-opium drug which
(
has been distributed. It is undoubtedly dificult to put forward any
other cause which would satisfactorily account for such an extensive
decline; for there has been no change to speak of in the mining
industry, the price of tin has been well maintained, there has not been
any labour trouble and no exodus of Chinese from the State. It
appears, therefore, that the cause is attributable to there being less
opium smoked, not of necessity, but from choice.
The details above given appear to go far towards proving that
there is some efficacy in the treatment, and further, that it 1s not
merely the substitution of one drug habit for another. Whether the
uctive ingredient is the anti-opium plant or the burnt opium admunis-
tered internally in gradually decreasing doves, is a subject worthy of
investigation. The latter is possibly the true cause and the anti-opiuni
plant may only act as an astringent, preventing the distressing intes-
tinal troubles which usually supervene on a stoppage of a customary
supply of opium. The amount and nature of the alkaloids present in
burnt opium is also a promising field of enquiry. The charred state of
the anti-opium drug, which was in use up to quite recently, suggests
that any alkaloidal principle which it might possess had been destroyed
in the process of roasting, or rather charring, to which it had been
subjected. Should the above surmise prove correct, it is possible that
gambier or some other astringent might, with advantage, be substitu-
ted for the anti-opium plant.
The favourable results so far attained appear to warrant the eyperi-
mental trial of the treatment on the opium smokers who, from time to
time, find their way into the various lock-ups and prisons of the
Federated Malay States. These wretched people, as all those who have
either seen or heard them must be aware, suffer very severely during
the first few days of their incarceration from the compulsory cessation
of the supply of opium. It might be argued that pity was thrown
away on them, but it should be remembered that the innocent suffer
as well as the wrong-doers; for it is by no means everyone who is
detained in custody who is either guilty or is subsequently convicted
of the charge brought against him. Besides these humane considera-
tions, it would be a most favourable opportunity of testmg the efficacy
of the treatment under circumstances where the results could be
watched and recorded.
The writer wishes to gratefully acknowledge the kind assistance
which was given to him by Mr. H. C. Ridges, Protector of Chinese,
Selangor ; the Rev. W. E. Horley, of the Methodist Episcopal Mission ;
Mr. Choo Cheng Khay; and the representatives of the Selangor
Anti-opium Society at Weld Road, by furnishing information,
supplying specimens and affording opportunities for personally
investigating the process of the preparation and distribution of the
drug.
oe)
A VISIT TO THE AROA ISLANDS, WITH A LIST OF
THE BIRDS FOUND THERE.
By HERBERT C. ROBINSON, ™.8.0.0., €...2.8.
ee Aroa Islands, as they are called on the British Admiralty
charts, though the name is not known to the local Malays, are a
small group of islets in the Straits of Malacca some twenty-five miles
to the east of the Sumatran Coast, south of Asahan and about the
same distance due west of One Fathom Bank, the well-known light-
house on the fairway for large shipping between Penang and
Singapore.
The majority of the islands are of metamorphic formation, sand-
stones, shales and schists, though there is reason to believe that the
southernmost islet, Pulan Tokong, which rises abruptly from the sea
and on which I was unable to land owing to heavy surf, is of
granite. ‘The elevation of no one of the group exceeds eighty feet and
most of them are much less than that, some of them being mere half-
tide rocks.
Navigation in the Archipelago is difficult even for small launches,
owing to the very strong tides and to the large quantity of mud from
the Sungei Rokan estuary hiding the position of sunken rocks, which
are numerous. There are only two anchorages which are at all safe:
one to the north of Pulau Jemor in four to six fathoms of water,
which can be used in the south-east monsoon; and another in deeper
water to the west of the same island, which is safer during the north-
east inonsoon, though in both the holding ground is somewhat foul.
Pulau Jemor, or Long Aroa, is the only island we visited and is
the only one which has permanent water, though this is uncertain in
quantity and indifferent in quality. In shape, the island is Jong and
narrow about half a mile in length by a quarter in maximum breadth,
and contains perhaps a hundred acres. Near the centre it is cleft,
almost to sea level, by a narrow gully, which connects two sandy
beaches on which large numbers of turtles deposit their eggs. The
privilege of collecting turtle eggs on this and other islands of the
group is farmed to Malays by the Sultan of Siak for the annual sum
of §£00 and 12,000 eggs, and two or three tumble-down huts in the
gully are more or less regularly inhabited by men on the look-out for
the eggs which are laid, fairly uniformly throughout the year.
Otherwise the group is quite uninhabited, though formerly it was much
resorted to by pirates from Linggi and Selangor, by whom the fine
grove of coconuts existing on Pulau Jemor was probably planted.
Vegetation is very scanty, and in the more exposed situations
consists merely of a coarse and wiry sedge-like grass growing i
isolated tufts on the sandstone, interspersed with a few stunted Pan-
dani and the almost universal Straits Rhododendron or Senduduk
(Melastoma malabathricum).
)
In the gullies it is rather more luxuriant and one or two large
trees and pals occur, while the undergrowth is chiefly a coarse bracken-
like fern (Gleichenialincaris). The sea-shore trees are the usnal
Calophyllum, overgrown with orchids, ferns (Davalia, sp.) and two or
three species of Myrmecophilous plants.
The largest tree on the island was a specimen of J’erocarpus
indicus, and there were also several fine mango trees.
Turning to animal life, the only mammal is a large rat, which was
very abundant and which, in the present days of minute differentiation,
will probably be honoured with a new specific name. Neither
squirrels nor tree-shrews occur.
Lizards of three species—viz., a gecko, a skink ( Mabuia inultifas-
ciata) and a monitor (Veranus salrator)—were common; the latter
feeding on the small crabs, which scurried in milhons over the smooth
sand near the water’s edge. A toad was also noticed in a sinall
swamp, though specimens were unfortunately not brought home.
During my first visit in August, with the exception of sea and
shore birds, very few varieties were noted ; but during our second stay
in November, the island was frequented by many species on migration,
and as little or nothing is known of migration routes in Southern
Asia, I have thought it worth while to give a complete list of the
species observed or obtained.
Insects were scarce ; no butterflies were see, and only a few moths,
principally Crambidae and Tineidae. Two or three dragon flies,
belonging to wide-spread mainland forms, were observed and several
species of grasshoppers including a large species of Acridium.
LIST OF BERDS.
*1. PTILINOPUS JAMBU-TUE VPINI-HEADED FRUIT-DOVE,
Ptilinopus jambu (Gim.); Salvad., Cut. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi., p. 80
(1893).
Leucotreron jambu (Gin.); Sharpe, Hand-list of Birds, 1. p. 56
(1899).
_ A single male was seen and shot durmg our first visit in August,
but fell into the sea and could not be retrieved.
This fruit pigeon, though formerly common in the old Malacca
collections, is now decidedly rare and local in most parts of the
Peninsula with which J am acquainted. It is found at all elevations up
to about 4,000 feet, but appears to frequent by preference the vicinity
of the coastal belt of mangroves. In such situations, I have, on one
or two occasions, seen it in considerable numbers, notably at the mouth
of the Linggi River on the borders of Negri Sembilan and the terri-
tory of Malacca in December, 1904.
10
2. AMAURORNIS PHAENICURA-THE WHITE-BREASTED WATER HEN,
Amauroruis phaenicura (orst.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds, xxi., p. 156
(1894) : id... Hand-lst of Birds, 1., p. 106 (1899).
A single adult was shot ina small swamp. Very common in suit-
able localities at all seasons of the year throughout the Malay Peninsula.
3% STERN. DOUGALLI-THE ROSEATE TERN,
Sterna dougalli (Mont.); Howard Sauuders, Cat. Birds, xxv., p. 70
(1896) ; Sharpe, Hund-list, i., p. 185 (1899).
Probably nesting on some of the smaller islands of the group.
Three specimens in full breeding plunage were shot in August, when
the species was very abuudant, thongh not a single tern of any kind
was seen in November.
4. STERNAL ANAESTUELA—TME PANAYAN TERN,
Sterna anuestheta (Scop.); Howard Saunders, t.c., p. 101; Shavpe,.
f.c., p. 136.
One specimen.
Fairly abundant in August, but not socommon as the Roseate Tern
5. NUMENTIUS VARIEGATUS—-THE EASTERN WHIMBREL.
Nunienius variegatus (Scop.); Sharpe, Cut. Birds, xxiv., p. 361
(1896) : id., Hund-list, 1., p. 158 (1899).
A single female was shot on 18th November.
Along the mud-ilats and estuaries of the Selangor coast both
whimbrels and curlews are enormously abundant during the winter
months, the former occurring in flocks of several hundred individuals,
while, on the other hand, it is rare to see more than forty or fifty
curlews together.
6. TRINGOIDES HYPOLEUCUS—T0E COMMON SANDPIPER.
Tringvides hypoleucus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cut. Birds, xxiv., p. 456
(1806) ; id., Hond-list, 1., p. 161 (1899).
A single female.
Common on river banks and the sea-shore during the winter months.
°7. ARDEA SUMATILANA—THE DUSKY-GREY HERON,
Ardea sumatrana (Raffles) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, xxvi., p. 68 (1898) ;
id., Haud-lizt, i., p. 194 (1899).
A single specimen was seen, but not secured. Elsewhere in the
Peninsula it is very abundant among the mangroves edging the tidal
rivers, and is vccasionally inet with along open stretches of sandy beach.
In the formér situations it is remarkably fearless and can be ap-
proached within very few vards,
8 DEMIEGRETTA SACRA-TUB REEF HERON.
Demiegretta sacra (Gin.); Sharpe, te, p. 186; id., Hand-list, t,
p. 198.
Very common. All the specimens shot or seen were in the grey
phase and those obtained in August were in nuptial plumage.
9, GORSACIIUS MELANOLOPHUS—THE MALAY BITTERN.
Gorsachius melanolophus (Rattles) ; Sharpe, t.e., p. 166; id., Hund-
list, 1., p. 199.
A single immature specimen was shot among high bracken at dusk.
Owing to its skulking and nocturnal habits, this species is rarely
obtained and is not represented in the Singapore or Perak Musetns or
until recently in the Selangor Musewn, which, however, has just receiv-
ed a fine adult from Kuala Selangor. I doubt if it is really by any
means rare and in past years numerous specimens seem to have been
obtained in the vicinity of Malacca.
WwW. NYVCTICORAXN NYCTICORAX—TIE NIGHT JLERON.
Nycticorax nycticorax (Linn.) ; Sharpe, t.c., p. 46; id., Hund-list,
1, p. 198.
One immature bird was obtained.
1, BUTORIDES JAVANICA—THE LITTLE GREEN IERON.
Butorides javanica (Horsf.) ; Sharpe, tc., p. 177; id., Hund-list, 1.,
p. 199.
Several specimens are in the collection.
Very common throughout the coastal districts, especially among
the mangroves,
2. DUPETOR FLAVICOLLIS—THE BLACK BITTERN,
Dupetor flavicollis (Lath.); Sharpe, le., p. 247; id., Hond-list, 1.,
p. 205,
An adult and an immature bird were secured, also from among
high bracken.
Somewhat uncommon in the Peninsula.
13. SULA SULA—THE BROWN GANNET.
Sula sula (Linn.) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, xxvi., p. 436; Sharpe,
Hand-list, 1., p. 236.
Very large numbers of this gannet roosted on # small rock known
as Pulau Tokong, rising vertically from the sea to a height of forty or
12
fifty feet, some miles south-east of Pulau Jemor, where our main
collections were formed. The entire colony, consisting of some hun-
dreds, appeared to he adult birds.
In the immediate neighbourhood of the coasts of the Malay Penin-
sula gannets are very rarely seen. An adult bird in the Selangor
Museum was caught by flying under the thwarts of a boat at Pulau
Jarak, in the centre of the Straits of Malacca, about a hundred and
thirty miles south of Penang.
*1L FREGATA AQUILA—-THE LARGER FRIGATE BIRD.
Fregata aquila (Linn.) ; Ogilvie-Grant, t.c., p. 443; Sharpe, t.c.,
p. 237.
Immense flocks of frigate birds were met with round the islands,
but none could be obtained. They are not often seen in the southern
half of the Straits of Malacca, except during the prevalence of strong
winds, and I have only noted them once on the east coast of the
Peninsula, near Senggora in December, 1901, during a strong gale
from the north-east.
1s. ACCIPITER VIRGATUS-THE BESRA SPARROW HAWK.
Accipiter virgatus (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, 1., p. 150 (1874) ;
id., Hand-list of Birds, 1., p. 253 (1899).
A constant stream of these small sparrow hawks, nearly all imima-
ture birds and evidently on migration, was passing over the islands
during our visit in November und over thirty were shot. They were
obviously half starving and showed extraordinary boldness in chasing
and striking down birds much larger than themselves, several being
captured in the act. They were observed feeding on Pitta eyanoptera,
Coccystes coromandus, Surniculus Ingubris, Dicrurus annectens and
Hierrecocerx fugax ; the mimetic resemblance, the latter bird is said
to possess, is thus evidently no protection against the actual model.
With the possible exception of the Brahminy Kite and the White-
hellicd Sea Eagle, this is the commonest bird of prey in the Malay
Peninsula and is found everywhere from the top of the highest moun-
tains to sea level, and in the densest jungle as well as on open grass
plains.
FALCO PEREGRINUS-THE PEREGRINE VALCON,
Faleo peregrinus (Tunst.) ; Sharpe, tc, p. 374; id., Hand-lisl, 1.,
p. 273 (189%).
Two inales and a female were shot, but the two former fell into a
tide-rip and cold not be recovered. The specimen secured 1s not very
dark and cannot be referred to the Sondaic and Papuan race, Falco
ernesti (Sharpe, This, 1594, p. 544).
WW. PERNIS PTILONORHYNCHUS—THE CRESTED HONEY-BUZZARD.
Pernis ptilonorhynchus (Temim.) ; Sharpe, tc., p. 347; id., Hand-
list, 1., p. 271 (1899).
A single immature female.
"18, MALIAETUS LREUCOGASTER-TUR WHITE BELLIED SEA BEAGLE.
Haliaetus leneogaster (Gin.) ; Sharpe, t.c., p. 3807; td., Hand-list,
1, p., 267 (1899).
Seen, but not seenred.
19, NIVOX SCUTULATA—-THE HAWK OWL.
Ninox scutulata (Raffles) ; Sharpe, Cut. Birds, i1., p. 156 (1875) ;
id., Hand-list, 1., p. 290 (1899).
One very dark-coloured adult male.
One or more pairs of this owl are generally to be found on the
small islands in the Straits of Malacca during the winter months,
picking up a precarious existence by feeding on the smaller birds that
may halt on the islands during migration.
*20, SCOPS, sp.
A very small owl, probably a Scops but possibly a species of
Glaucidium, was observed, but not obtained.
21. CRYN TRIDACTYLA—-THE THREE-TOED KINGFISHER.
Ceyx tridactyla (Pall.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds, xvii., p. 174 (1892) ;
id., Hand-list, 11., p. 52 (1900).
One adult female.
A somewhat unexpected find on a tiny island like Pulau Jemor
with no running water.
22, HALCYON COROMANDUS-THE RUDDY KINGFISHER.
Halcyon coromandus (Lath.) ; Sharpe, t.c., p. 217; id., Hand-list,
il., p. 56 (1900).
One adult.
23. MALCYON PILEATUS—THE BULACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER.
Haleyon pileatus (Bodd.); Sharpe, t.c., p. 229; id., Hand-list, ii.,
p. 57 (1900).
Two males and three females, all somewhat immature, as is shown
by the black edgings to the feathers of the breast.
I+
2 BURYSTOMUS CALONYNX-THE MIGRATORY ROLLER,
Eurystomus calonyy (fodys., M.S.) : Sharpe. te. p. 38, pl. i, fig. 2;
id., Hand-list, i1., p. 47 (1900).
The seven specimens obtained are all immature birds in moult,
but seem to belong to this sub-species.
295, CAPRIMULGUS JOTAKA-THE JUNGLE NIGHTJAR.
Caprimulens jotaka (Temm. & Schleg.); Hart., Cat. Birds, xvi.,
p. 552 (1892); Sharpe, Hand-list, 11., p. 88 (1900).
Common on the island, four specimens having been obtained; on
the mainland of the Peninsula it is decidedly rare, and in the low
country is met with only during the winter months, thongh it is
possible that it is resident throughout the vear on the higher moun.
tals.
28, COCCYSTES COROMANDUS—THE RED.WINGED CRESTED CUCKOO.
Coceystes coromandus (Linn.); Shelley, Cat. Birds, xix., p. 214
(1891): Sharpe, Hand-list, i1., p. 155 (1900).
Very common.
27, SURNICULUS LUGUBRIS—THE DRONGO CUCKOO.
Surniculus lugubris (Horsf.): Shelley, t.c., p. 227; Sharpe, t.c.,
p- 156.
One specimen brought to ground by a sparrow hawk.
28, ITEROCOCCYN FUGAX—THE MALAY WAWK CUCKOO,
Hierococeyx fugax (Horsf.) ; Shelley, t.c., p. 236 ; Sharpe, t.c., p. 157.
A series of nine birds, of which three are very adult, as shown by
the uniforin deep lead grey of the upper surface. All the specimens
agree in having a narrow terminal band of bright rufons to the tail.
an, CUCULUS MICROPTERUS—THE INDIAN CUCKOO,
Cuculus micropterus (Gould.) ; Shelley, t.c., p. 241; Sharpe, t.c.,
p. 158.
Four immature and one adult specimen.
gin, CUCULUS INTERMEDIUS—THY WIMALAYAN CUCKOO,
Cuculus intermedius (Vahl.); Shelley, t.c., p. 252.
Cuculus saturatus (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe, te., p. 158.
A single adult male.
31. EUDYNANIS MONORATA—THE KORL.
Fudynanis honorata (linn.): Shelley, tc., p. 316; Sharpe, t.c.,
p. 16-4.
Extraordinarily abundant on most of the small islands of the
Straits of Malacca from October to April.
15
32. PITTA CYANOPTER.L-THE LESSER BLUE-WINGED PITTA,
Pitta cyanoptera (Temm.) ; Sclater, Cat. Birds, xiv., p. 420 (1888) ;
Sharpe, Hand-list, ii1., p. 180 (1901).
Very numerous; also common in the winter mouths on Pulau
Jarak and the Sembilan Islands, together with the succeeding species.
33, PITTA CUCULLATA—TIE HOODED PITTA,
Pitta cucullata (Hartl.); Sclater, t.c., p. 442; Sharpe, t.c., p. 184.
Not quite so common as the preceding, but very abundant.
34, LARVIVORA CYANEA—THE SIBERIAN BLUE CHAT.
Larvivora cyanea (Pall.); Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, i.,
p. 181 (1889) ; Robinson, Journ., FMS. Mus., i., p. 28 (1905).
A single immature male, in plumage precisely resembling the adult
female, was obtained on 14th November, and an adult male was also
shot on the same day, but at such close quarters that it was found im-
possible to make a skin of it.
Between November and April the species is not uncommon in the
mountains of Selangor and Negri Sembilan, at altitudes varying from
2,000 feet to 4,000 feet, but, so far as my experience goes, it is never
met with in the low country. It has not hitherto been recorded from
Sumatra,
35. LOCUSTELLA LANCHOLATA—THE STREAKED GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER.
Locustella lanceolata (Temm.); Oates, Faun. Brit. Iud. Birds, 1.,
p. 953 (1889) ; Sharpe, Hand-list, iv., p. 186 (1903).
Three specimens of this warbler, which is called by the natives
burong tikus or rat bird, were collected among long grass and bracken,
being very shy and secretive in their habits. Two of these have the
tail coverts uniform, while the third has them thickly streaked with
blackish-brown, the streaks on the flanks being also much more pro-
nounced. Of a pair collected on the coast of Selangor, the male has
the under coverts streaked, while those of the female are uniform, so
that the difference is possibly sexual. The species has not apparently
been recorded either from the Malay Peninsula or Sumatra, though it
is probably common in both countries in suitable localities during the
winter mouths.
36. TURDUS OBSCURUS—~THE DARK OUZEL.
Turdus obscurus (Gmn.); Sharpe, Hand-list, iv., p. 140 (1908).
Merwla obscura (Gm.); Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, i., p. 18
(1890).
Numerous individuals were seen on the day of our departure, after
aw somewhat stormy night, and a single specimen secured. The species
10
Wits Very collinen on Pulau Jarak in December, 1904, and oecurs abun-
dantly on the mountains of the Peninsult throughout the winter
mouths, but xppears to make only a very brict stay im the lowlands on
arrival and departure.
37. HEMICHELIDON FERRUGINEA—-THE FERUGINOUS FLYCATCHER.
Hemichclidon ferruginea (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds, iv., p. 122
(1879); Oules, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, ii, p. 6 (1890); Sharpe,
Hand-list, iii.. p. 20-4 (1903).
A single female.
Very eommon on the high mountains of the Peninsula, being pro-
hably resident throughout the year above 4,900 feet.
3s. ALSEONAX LATIROSTRIS—THE BROWN FLYCATCHER.
Alseonax latirostris (Raftles.); Sharpe, t.c., iv., p. 127 (1879) ;
Outes, Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, ii., p. 35 (1890); Sharpe, Hand-list,
iil., p. 206 (1903).
One male.
Common in the low country in the Malay Peninsula throughout
the vear, but much more abundant in the winter months.
30, TERPSIPHONE AFFINIS—THE BURMESE PARADISE FLYCATCHER.
Terpsiphone affinis (Hay.); Sharpe, t.c., p. 349; Oates, t.c., p. 47;
Sharpe, Hand-list, ii, p. 263 (1903).
An adult female, probably belongs to this species, though it is
extremely difficult to distinguish between females and young males of
T. affinis and the closely allied T. incit (Gould).
t. DICRURUS ANNECTENS—-THE CROW-BILLED DRONGO.
Dierurus annectens (Hodgs.); Oates, Fuun. Brit. Ind. Birds, i.,
p. 312 (1889) : Sharpe, Cat. Birds, ii., p. 271 (1878) ; Robinson, Journ.,
P.M.S. Wies., i., p. 28 (1905).
Numercus speciincns, both adult and young. Very common also
on Pulau Jarak in December, 1904, and April, 1906. Widely distri-
buted throughout the Malay Peninsula in the winter months up to an
altitude of about 3,000 feet, but scaree at other seasons.
* 41, CORVUS, sp.
A crow. probably Corvus macrorhynchus, but possibly Corvus enca,
the Slender-Lilled Crow, which I have recently ascertained to be fairly
common in the Malay Peninsula, was also observed.
“KAIN PELANGI.”
By L. WRAY. .
We appropriately named cloth is now much in fashion with the
~~ Malays of the Straits and the Federated Malay States. It
would appear to be of quite modern introduction, thoneh it has
obviously been developed from the much older tie-and-dye work so
extensively emploved in India for the decoration of cloth. The
earliest examples of it, in the Native States, came under my observa-
tion in about the concluding vear of the last century.
The Malay name means “rainbow cloth.” It, however, differs
very materially from the cloth which was brought ont in Europe
under this name some few vears ago. This had no pattern, but was
dyed to represent the colourng of the spectrum, the colours grading
one into the other. In the “kam pelangi,” on the other hand, there is
a regular pattern, but the colours employed are the brightest tints
obtainable with aniline dyes of varions hues; hence its name.
The cloth is almost invariably silk. In Singapore, the white silk
is bought, and comes either from Japan or China. In Tringganu, it is
locally woven, especially for this purpose. The work is done entirely
by female labour. In Singapore, the women are Boyanese, from the
island of Bawean, off the coast of Java; and in Tringeanu, they are
natives of that State. This manniacture is also carried on in
Kelantan, and possibly in other localities, but the subject has only
been studied by the writer in Singapore and Tringganu.
The silk is spread on a short-legged table, having a padded top.
The pattern is then printed on it, m outline, by means of carved
wooden stamps. These are cut out of comparatively soft wood and
are not so well finished as those used in stamping the * kain telepoh.”
The design is also only in outline, no broad-printing surfaces being
left. The stamp is pressed on to a pad of wet rag impregnated with
red ferruginous earth bought from the Kling shops. This sub-
stance is called “ khavi,” and is the pigment used by the Hindus
for making the caste-marks on their foreheads. The stamp having
been charged with colour is next rubbed on a stiff brush, whicli is
fastened with its bristles upwards on the tray containing the pig-
mented pad. It was a common European boot-brush. ‘lhe stamp
after brushing is applied to the cloth. The stamps are small, contain-
ing only a single flower or a portion of a border, and considerable
“judgment and skill is required to build up the pattern with them. It
is all done by eye, no register marks being used as in England when
printing patterns by means of wooden blocks. The outline is thus
formed in rather pale-red lmes which wash out in the subsequent
process. The stamping of the outline is done hy the same people who
do the dyeing.
Dee,, 1906,
18
The cloth may be single, bnt usually several thicknesses are tneked
together at their edges and are done at once, the upper one alone
having the outline printed on it. This, of course, saves labour and
time, but probably the result is not quite so good as when a single
thickness is treated at a time. The outlined cloth is given to other
women who prepare it for the dvers. A good deal of the pattern”
is produeed hy stitching the cloth firmly together in puckers, and
larger spaces which are intended not to take the dye are tied up
tightly in pieces of the skin of the leafstalk of the banana. The
workers are, of course, enided by the outlined pattern which has been
printed on the cloth. When finished, the cloth has a curious ermupled-
up appearance; 2 piece, sufficiently large to make a sarong, will have
contracted to about 8 inches in diameter in the tying process.
The tied cloth is then given back to the dyers, who immerse it for a
short time in the dye for the ground colour of the piece. Favourite
colours for this purpose are yellow, green and red. As previously
stated, the pigments used are all aniline ones. After the first apphia-
tion of the dye the cloth is allowed to dry, the tying and stitching is
then undone and all the threads are pulled out. It now presents the
appearance of a coloured cloth with a white pattern on it.
It is now ready for the next process. For this, it is stretched on a
wooden frame with short legs. Jt may be mentioned that the Malay
women, When working, sit or squat on a raised platform, like tailors,
so that this frame and the printing table, previously mentioned, are
furnished with legs about 9 inches high, to he of a convenient
height for working at in that position. The frame is provided with a
number of sharp brass pins round its outer edges for the purpose of
holding the cloth. Further development of the pattern is now
carried out on the stretched cloth by means of different coloured dyes
applied with the brushes used by the Chinese for writing with. Most
of this embellishment is drawn im free-hand on the white spaces left
by the last process, but some of it is put on to the gronnd colour itself,
The cloth after this is taken off the frame and is ready for sale.
No attempt is made to fix the colours and, as a consequence, they are
fugitive and mn badly when the cloth is washed, or even accidentally
damped or wetted. Although both the makers and buyers are well
aware of this fact, it does not appear to interfere with either their
inanufacture or sale. The briliancy of colouring is the great point
in their favour in Asiatic eves. T'o the question of why they did not
use their own permanent dves, the makers answered that it would be
a great deal more tronble and that the results would not be nearly so
beautiful. :
The idea that the harmonious colouring of the old Eastern art-
work was due to the possession of a fine colour sense, is undoubtedly
not borne ont by facts. It was simply a matter of necessity, as they
19
could not produce the purer and cruder colours. Now that aniline, in
all its varied tints, is obtainable, colour effects, which to educated
European eyes are excruciating, are produced and much admired by
Malays, Chinese and Indians of all nationalities. The Japanese alone,
amongst Easterns, appear to be able to deal with these brilliant
eolours with taste and discretion.
Besides the above described eloth, a curious mixture of two separate
methods of tie-and-dye work is sometimes combined in one garment.
That is, a piece of cloth is woven with a part of the warp thread
treated by the tie and dye method, which is used to produce the so-
called ‘‘kain limau *,” and the remainder of the length is left white.
This portion is subsequently tied and dyed as above described. If
the ground colours of the two portions harmonise, the effect is by no
means displeasing. There is one sarong in the Perak Musewm, whieh
was collected in Tringganu, of this composite cloth; the geround
eolours bemg a rather dull red for the ‘‘ kain limau”’ part and a quiet
yellow for the “ kain pelangi”’ division. Another example, said to have
been made in Kelantan, had the grounds of two different shades of red.
There is another species of cloth, produeed in Singapore by the
same people, which is also called “ kain pelangi,” though the technique
of its manufaeture is quite different. The basis is also white silk,
which is stretched on the frame already described. The pattern is
then drawn on it, in various shades of aniline by means of Chinese
writing brushes. No stamps or guides are used, the work being
entirely done by free-hand drawing, without even a preliminary
sketeh. In one specimen, in the possession of the writer, the colours
employed are violet, red, green and vellow, The patterns are mostly
conventionalised floral derivatives.
REPORTS ON CORUNDUM FROM PERAK,
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
By Proressorn WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN, o.a., F.R.S.,
Director, IMPERIAL INSTITUTE, SouTH KENsINGTON., Lonponx, S.W.
130-15. Imperial Instirure Roap, Lonpon, 8.W.,
27th September, 1904.
JIR,—I have the honour to send herewith a report on specimens
of corundum from the Federated Malay States received from Mr.
L. Wray. The report also refers to other specimens of the same
material received from Mr. Cecil Wray and from Mr. Alma Baker.
* See “ Notes on Dyeing and Weaving as practised at Sitiawan in Perak,”
by L. Wray. in the “ Journal of the Anthropological Institute,” vol. 82, January-
June, 1902.
20
Tt will be seen that the result of the investigation of the substance,
which has been conducted here, render it probable that there may be a
remunerative commercial demand for this corundum, and I propose,
with vour approval, to proceed further with the matter on the hnes
suggested in the report. ;
T would suggest that this report should be shown to Mr. Serivenor,
with a view to Ins assistance in the further development of the subject
being secured since it is possible that deposits of this mineral ocenr
elsewhere in the Federated Malay States.
I would also ask that the information contained in the report be
conveyed to Mr. Leonard Wray and the other gentleman who sub-
mitted specimens.
I have, ete.,
WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN.
H.E. tus Wien Commisstoner, F.M.S., SINGAPORE.
A specimen of grev-blue corundum, weighing about 5 ounces, was
forwarded to the Imperial Institute by Mr. Leonard Wray, the
Curator of the Perak Government Museum, and in the aecom-
panying letter, dated the 28th November, 1903, he stated that he had
collected it near Ipoh in the Kinta District, where the mineral occurs
in more or less waterworn Inmps in the drift which 1s worked for tin.
At present no use is made of the corunduin, but it was thought that,
if it proved to be of marketable value, considerable quantities
could be procured. Myr. Cecil Wray, the Resident Magistrate of
Kinta, had also collected a large quantity of the mineral at
Koban Sungei Kaiadi.
On Mr. Leonard Wray’s return to Perak he forwarded to the
Tinperial Institute a larger sample, weighing nearly 5 Ibs., which
he had collected at Pulai, Sungei Raia, also in the Kinta District. In
the letter accompanying the consignment, No. 13/04, dated the 24th
February, 1904, he stated that the mineral occurs im quantity at or
near Pulai, and thought there would be no difficulty in getting from
10 to 20 tons per month, judging from the amount he saw in the
mines.
These two samples, the colour of which varies from pale blue to
bluish-grey, are exacily similar in characters. No well-developed
crystals are visible to the naked eve, the mineral occurs in compact,
finely granular inasses made up of microscopic crystals. Most of the
pieces are more or less rounded by water action, though .the exact
manner in which this was brought about is not apparent.
24
The mineral is rather harder than sume well-crystallised corundum
from Ceylon, which was available for comparison. Its specific gravity
varies from 3.75 to 3.90 according to the degree of the compactness of
its texture. The higher figure is exceeded by few specimens of corun-
dum, except ruby and sapphire, which reach 4.06.
An analysis in the Scientific and Technical Department of the
Imperial Institute gave the following results ;
Sihtea ... i .. Slo, ve 15 per cent.
Alumina wes .. Al,O, ves 7.10 -
Lime ... vee ... Cad see 90 ”
Magnesia a .. MgO ves trace
Combined water . H,O bes 2.4] »
The percentage of alumina is greater than in any sample of
corundum which has been analysed, except ruby and sapphire. The
amount of water is, however, rather high.
Corundum is used mainly for abrasive purposes in the same
manner as enierv. The finer qualities are also emploved in place of
gemstones 12 the movements of clocks and watches. It has been
proposed to utilise it as a source of metallic aluminium, but at present
other less refractory and cheaper compounds of the metal are
preferred.
In determing the value of corundum for abrasive purposes,
whether it be employed as a loose powder or embedded in cement in
the form of dises, a trial on a large scale is absolutely necessary. In
no other way can it be ascertained if the mmmeral satisfies industrial
requirements, as not only hardness but toughness is important. The
liability of some varieties to split into thin plates along the pseude-
cleavage that follows certain planes of decomposition is very objection-
able, as instead of irregular points and edges which are effective for
grinding purposes, flat surfaces are produced.
This characteristic seriously diminishes the value of Indian corun-
dum, which was formerly exported in considerable amount to Europe,
but is now unable to compete with the extensive deposits of the mineral
which have been developed in the United States and Canada, and the
artificial products carburundum and alurundum. Corundum is now
mined in India mainly for local use and for export to China, only a
small quantity being sent to Europe or America. On the other hand,
the granular structure of the corundum from Perak seems calculated
to increase its value for abrasive purposes.
The material from Kinta was sent to a commercial expert dealing
in corundum for his opinion as to its value. He stated that he
believed the material might be of value for abrasive work and it
might be worth from £15 to £25 a ton for such purposes. If it
22
would take a high polish, it could be used for the movements of
clocks and watehes and might be sold at a higher priee. Actual
trial on a commercial scale was, however, necessary.
Iu June. 1904, a further sample of corundum, weighing 32 Ihbs.,
was received from Mr. Alma Baker, of Batu Gajah, Perak. This is in
large Jumps, some weighing as much as 8 Ibs., and is in all respeets
snnilar to the previeus samples.
There seems every reason to believe that, if this corundum ean be
obtained in the amounts which Mr. Leonard Wray believes to be the
case, it could be sold either for abrasive purposes or for use in the
movements of time-pieces at remunerative prices; but, in order that
its capabilities may be properly determined by trial on a large scale, a
consignment of uot less than three or four hundredweight would be
necessary in order to determine its precise commercial value as an
abrasive agent. together with a smaller amount—say, 7 lbs.—-of the
clearest and most compact material for trial in the manufacture of
watches and elocks.
If, therefore, it is considered advisable to proceed further with this
enquiry, I shonld be glad to be informed whether these larger consign-
ments can be supphed, in which ease I shall endeavour to make
arrangements with experts to earry out practical trials on the lines
indicated above.
27th September, 190-4. WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN.
FEDERAL SECRETARIAT.
No. H.C. 8875 O-+. Kua.ta Lumpur, F.MS..
31st October, 190-4.
SUBJECT:
REPORT ON SPECIMENS OF CORUNDUM FROM F.MLS.
Sir,—I am directed to forward for your information, in connection
with the shipments of specimens of corundum which have been made,
a report by the Director of the Imperial Institute of the United King-
dom, the Colonies and India, giving the results of his investigations.
2. J am to ask you to report whether you can supply the larger
consignments asked for, with a view to the carrying out of further
trials by experts.
T have, et
A. R. VENNING,
Leonarp Wrar, Esq., Perax. Federal Secretary, FMS.
Baru GaAsan,
6th November, 1904.
Srr,—I have the honvur to acknowledge the receipt of your letter
of 31st October (H.C. 8875/04) and to inform you that I will collect
and send to the Imperial Institute the large sample of corundum asked
for by Professor W. Dunstan.
I have, ete.,
THe FEDERAL SECRETARY, L. WRAY.
KvuaLa Lumpur.
TarpinGc, PERAK,
22nd February, 1905.
My pear Dunstan,—I send you by this post, i two boxes, a
sample, weighing 18 lbs., of what appears to me to be the best quality
of corundum for the movements of clocks and watches. I shall be
much obliged, if, after trial, a sample of the stone, which proves to be
suited to the purpose, could be returned to me. Also a few cut
“jewels.”
J am also sending, 1m three boxes, the large sample you ask for, It
weighs about 5 ewt.
I went to Pulai, in Winta. on the 17th February, and eoliected the
whole sample from refuse heaps on one mine, in quite a short time. I
am sure it could be obtained in considerable quantities if there was a
demand for it, at a price which would cover cost of vollection, bagging
and freight to England.
I found a few pieces, with small well-formed hexagonal crystals on
them, of the same form as that of the sapphire. I also found one
large lump, with a portion of the matrix adhering to it. This appears
to be a inica-schist.
I am, ete.,
Proressor W. DunsTAn, F.R.S., L. WRAY,
Direcror, IMperiau InsvTiruTe.
IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM,
THE COLONIES AND INDIA,
ImpeRiAL INstTiTUTE Roap, Lonpon, 8.W.,
9th October, 1906.
Srr,—I have the honour to forward a report on a consignment of
corundum from Perak, which was sent for examination to the Lnperial
24.
Institute by the Director of Musenins at Taiping, with letter, dated
the 22nd February, 1905, in accordance with the suggestions made in
the previous report, dated the 27th September, 1904, on this subject.
The investigation has shown that this corundum, although of
unnsual character, is likely to be of value for abrasive purpose, but,
before further action can be taken, it will be necessary to know what
quantity is available and the approximate price at which it can be
placed on the market.
I shall be glad to receive information upon those points and, if
possible, to be placed in communication with a firm willing to work
the deposits in Perak.
I have, ete.,
WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN.
H.E. tHe Hien Commissioner, F.M.S.. SINGAPORE.
SECOND REPORT ON CORUNDUM FROM PERAK,
FEDERATED MALAY STATES.
By Proressor WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN, oa. F-RS.,
DirecToR IMPERIAL JNsTITUTE, SoutTn Kensincton, Lonpon, 8.W,
Ix aceordance with the recommendations made in the previons
report (dated the 27th September. 1904) on corundum from Perak,
further samples of the mineral were forwarded to the Imperial Insti-
tute by the Director of Museums, Taiping, Perak, in order that the
inaterial might be submitted tou manufacturers for technical trial.
DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES.
The samples consisted of (1) 18 lbs. of selected corundum pebbles
which were thought to be specially suitable for the preparation of
learmg for the “movements” of clocks or watches, and (2) about
> ewt. of ordinary corundum.
The larger consignment consisted of pieces of corundum of rather
irregular size, which had a quantity of dust and clayey material
adhering to the surfaces. The quality of the sumples appeared, how-
ever, to be equal to that of the previous specimen, about 95 per cent.
leg genuine corundum.
The smaller sainple, supposed to consist of corundum of superior
quality, was in smaller pieces, but was practically identical with the
main bulk.
COMMERCIAL VALUATION.
Samples of the two consignments were submitted to a firm of
mineral brokers, who reported that the small pebbles of corundum
would not feteh a higher price than the large consignment. ‘This firm
25
submitted samples to three manufacturers using corundum, all of
whom expressed the opinion that the mineral would be of no value
for abrasive purposes. ‘T'wo of the firms also stated that they did not
consider the material to be corundum. On this point, however, thev
were reassured and informed that the examination of the material at
the Imperial Institute showed that it was an unusually pure corundum,
containing 97.1 per cent. of alumina, whilst in hardness it was equal
to any other variety of the mineral, except ruby and sapphire. The
unusual appearance of the corundum, which probably gave rise to the
doubts expressed, is due in part to its granular character and im part:
to its freedom from decomposition by silicification along certain
plashes, which causes a tendency to split into small flat plates. Both
these characteristics, they were informed, ought to increase the value
of the corundum as an abrasive.
The communication of these facts to the firms in question resulted
in an offer from one of them to make a thorough test of the mineral.
Before going to the trouble and expense of such a trial, the firm desires
to know the price at which corundum could be delivered in London.
Another firm asked for a quotation for the 5-ewt. sample which
was available, and also for quantities up to 1,000 tons per annum :
(1) e.1.f. Liverpool, and (2) f.o.b. at port of shipment.
The firms were invited to make offers, but this they declined to do.
It is now necessary, therefore, that an approximate quotation should
be given of the price at which quantities of corundum equal in quality
to the sample can be delivered at London, Liverpool and New York,
or placed on board ship at Singapore or other convenient port.
Subsequently, a sample of this corundum has been subniitted to
& firm of merchants with whom the Imperial Institute was in corres-
pondence in regard to other minerals. This firm sent a portion to
a customer on the Continent, who reported that the mineral is of good
quality and would have a value of about £20 per ton, if. Stopol
The Imperial Institute is also in correspondence with a firm im the
United States with regard to this corundum, and it appears probable
that a fair market for the material can be found if it can be supplied
in large quantities at reasonable rates.
Tt would be an advantage if the Imperial Institute could now be
placed in communication with some firm in the Federated Malay
States willing to take the matter up, so that their name could be
given to firms in this country desirous of buying supplies of the
mineral.
9th October, 1908. WYNDHAM R. DUNSTAN.,
6
REPORT ON THE MUSEUM DEPARTMENT FOR
THE YEAR 1905.
PERAK STATE MUSEUM.
[BEPOND a few slight improvements. nothing was done to the
9 building itself. These included brick drains round the ethno-
logical wing and guttering round its lautern roof. Guttering was also
put round the roof of the porch. while the exterior of the whole was
painted and colour washed. A small detached skinning shed was
built in the grounds to reheve the workshop of the dirtier portions of
the work.
2. In all the departments the rearranyement. which was begun in
lWw0t, was carried on, and. except m a few instances, the various
collections were placed in the order which had previously been deter-
mined on.
3. Considerable additions were made to most of the sections—-by
collection. exchange. purchase and donation. The sections to which
the greatest increases were made are the ethnological, mineralogical
and economic.
4. The registration and cataloguing of the collections, which was
begun in December of 190+, was carried on, and by the end of the
vear the number reached was 3.800, equal to about 8.000 cards,
including the guide-cards.
5. The library was also re-cataloeued, which involved the type-
writing of about 4,000 cards. This new card catalogue is worked on
the same system as that for the other departments. which was
meutivued in my last Annual Report. and explained in detail im a
paper, entitled "A System for the Registration of the Contents of
Museums.” contributed to the * Museum Association” and reprinted
in the third number of the ‘Journal ef the Federated Malay States
Museums.”
6. The number of visitors admitted during the vear was 55.105.
and, as the Museum was open to the public on 295 days. this gives a
daily average attendance of 185.33.
«. Mr. E. Keilich. the Taxidermist. returned from eighteen months’
leave on the 21st of September. and from then to the end of the year
the staff was at its full strength.
SELANGOR STATE MUSEUM,
5. The new Museum was not finished by the end of the vear, but
the case-building had prozressed in a satisfactury manner and the
weedwork for the wall eases of the iwo long exhibition rooms was
27
practically ready for erection by December. The amount expended for
ease-building and furniture was $2.472.66. This ineluded the cost of
a safe, the construction of a trap-door and hoisting tackle to cnable the
furniture, ete., to be raised to the upper floor, a supply of glass-topped
boxes for storing the skin collection and cabinets to hold them, as well
ag sone almeirabs and office furniture.
9. Collecting was actively carried on throughout the vear and
many specimens new to the collection and several new to science were
obtained. In January and again in February the high mountains in
the neighbourhood of Gunong Batang Kali were visited by the Curator
and his collectors, in May the Gunong Tahan expedition started, and
ut the end of the year a visit was paid to Linggi in Negri Sembilan.
10. Owing principally to its dilapidated state it was decided to
close the old Museum to the public in September and use the whole of
it as a store. Many of the specimens were packed up, as this appeared
to be the best means of preserving them from deterioration.
11. The number of visitors admitted during the first eight months
of the year amounted to 20,930, against 23,219, for the corresponding
months of 1904.
GENERAL.
12. The most important event of the year was the Gunong Tahan
collecting expedition. It started on the llth of May and returned
early in September. Although the Director of Museums was compelled
to return, owing to an attack of dysentery, on the 19th of July, the
Curator of the Selangor Museum remained on the mountain and
brought the work to a satisfactory conclusion. It is impossible to
give any results at the present time. ‘The specimens collected were all
sent to the British Museum of Natural History, as previously arranged,
and it will naturally be some considerable time before the material can
be worked out by the specialists of that Institution.
13. Three numbers of the “Journal of the Federated Malay
States Museums” were issued during the year: containing 108 pages
of letterpress, five plates and one plan.
L. WRAY,
Director of Museums, FAILS.
REPORT ON THE PERAK MUSEUM
FOR THE YEAR 1905.
THE BULLDING.
ee in the year the scaffolding and ataps were removed from
the four towers, which had been under repair during the greater
part of the previous vear. The result from a practical aspect is so fur
satisfactory, there being no sign of leakage up to the present,
{
28
The brick drain around the new wing, provided for in the Estimates,
was built and completed in February.
The Estimates also provided for galvanised iron guttering around
the lantern roof of the new wing, along the front verandah, and around
the porch, and this was completed in March.
In May the whole of the exterior of the building was white-washed
and the wood-work painted.
A new skinning-shed was built, in close proximity to the existing
work-rvoms, for the skinning, etc., of the larger animals and general
work of a dirty nature.
The floors of the laboratory and dark room were re-cemented in
parts where they were badly damaged ; and numerous shelves, fixed by
ineans of angle-irons, were erected to increase the storage capacity.
CASES.
The cases throughout the Museum are now all numbered a separate
set of numbers being employed for each room. This has been done
principally to facilitate registration ; and by its means it is easy to state
correctly and locate at a moment’s notice the exact position of any
speciinen in the various collections.
The scheme successfully adopted in the ethnological galleries and
explained in ny last report, of a glazed title for each case, has been
earvied out in all departinents. Tt has proved highly effective from a
practical point of view, and improves the gencral appearance of the
rvons.
New double, brass winders for the window and blind-cords were
fitted on to the new wall-cases wherever necessary. In the older part
of the Inulding the old winders and unsightly screw substitutes were
discarded in favour of the new ones.
Jn the Geological Department the table-case interivrs were given
two cuats of fresh white paint previous to the re-arrangement of the
collection.
With a view tu obtaining a reliable paint or distemper to replace
the old white oil-colour, the Jarge wall-cases of the Eeonomic Depart-
inent have been experimented on. In changing the contents of a case
it has always Leen necessary to give the interior a fresh coat of paint,
owing to the yellow marks made wherever an object has stood on the
painted surface fur any length of time; and in other ways it has not
been satisfactory. In the cases under notice Morse’s Calcuriun of a
French grey shade has leen applicd, and has in every way proved
satisfactory up to the time of writing. It is inexpensive, and the
29
colour chosen gives a warm and pleasing aspect to the general appear-
ance of the room. It also forms an admirable background for whatever
objects have, as yet, been exhibited against it. Should the experi-
ment stand the test of time, the distemper will be used universally
throughout the exhibition galleries, with a probable shght variety of
colours to suit the circumstances.
Another innovation in the wall-eases has been the substitution, in
certain cases, of plate-glass for the old wooden side-shelves. These
shelves are cut ont of broken sheets of plate-glass which were origin-
ally mtended for case-fronts. They vive a decidedly light and airy
appearance to the inside of the cases. As there is a good deal of this
broken glass still in hand, it will be possible to extend the use of it in
this way into all the collections where the opportunity presents itself.
THE COLLECTIONS.
1. Zootoey (Rooms D and E) anp OsrroLoacy
(Part of Room B).
The mammalia were registered and catalogued, re-classified in
some orders, and cleaned throughout. . .. 108.00
(12) Folding ladder and case figs a 113.11
(13) Uniforms 7 _ Lee * a 41.50
3. Including a supplementary provision of 3500, 8,225 was pro-
vided to complete the furnishing of the Museum, and by the end of
the vear this work had been almost completed, all the wall and table
cases for the two main galleries having heen finished and glazed,
while those for the central hall were well advanced.
The following charges were incurred on the vote:
(1) Labour .. wee _ i a we $2,375.76
(2) Plate i ins ; wee on we 2,287.15
(3) Painting and poneing oe > .. 1,432.40
(4) Metal work . Lee 491.16
(5) Freight and handling wale. i a 467.19
(6) Timber . . Lee wee ws ae 374,90
(7) Glass- ‘Spee sont Le ve vee Le 272.66
(8) Catalogue cabinet Lee wes we 137.29
(9) Office furniture om a = oe 90.50
(10) Tank in photographic room ... oa A 25.00
4. Three insect cabinets by a leading London maker were pur-
ehased and installed at a total cost of $892.49.
. The expenses of removal amounted to a sum of $165.02, on
at total estnnate of $500.
REVENCE.
The revenue realised from work done for private persons and sale
of surplus specimens ainounted to $142.18.
Under authority previously obtained $134.94, including a debit
balance from 1905, was expended on ethnographical specimens, leaving
a balance of 87.24 to the credit of the faud. The sale of unserviceable
cases in the old Museum realised a net sum of 3540.95.
a
VISITORS.
During the removat from the old Museum and the re-arrangemeut
of the collections in the new buildings the Mnseum was closed to the
public throughout the vear.
LIBRARY.
A considerable proportion of the available sinn of S200 was
devoted to binding, but one or two important books were purchased,
including Dr. Rudolf Martin’s monographic work on the Sakai and
Semang Tribes of the Malay Peninsula. As in previous years several
contributions have been received from the Trustees of the British
Musemn, the United States National Museum and the Department of
the Interior, Philippine Islands.
WACHANGES.
A few reptiles were received from the British Museum in exchange
for others, and a complete set of ‘“ Novitates Zoologice,” a valuable
publication containmg many unportant monographs, from the Hon.
Walter Rothschild, in return for some rare birds from the mountains
of Selangor.
PUBLICATIONS.
One nimnber of the “Journal of the Federated Malay States
Museums” was published during the vear while another was in the
press. The preparation of the illustrated report on the Gunong
Tahan Expedition was far advanced.
ADDITIONS.
I.— ZOOLOGICAL.
As in previous years the high mountains in the vicinity of the
Pahang boundary were visited with very satisfactory results, several
extremely rare species of birds having been obtained. In June ten
days were spent ou the island of Tioman and a large collection of small
mammals formed, including most of the varieties collected by the
American naturalist, Dr. Abbott, and several others in addition. This
collection, as well as other specimens from the adjacent islands of
Pemmangil, Aor and Tinggi, have been forwarded to the British
Museum and will be reported on in due course.
The Dyak Collectors also visited Rantan Panjang in the Selangor
low country jungle and Gunong Angsi in Negri Sembilan with
satisfactory results.
The Curator’s duties as Inspector of Fisheries enabled him to
visit several of the small islands in the Straits of Malacca, and several
interesting birds and animals were obtained on Pulau Jarak and the
Pulau Sembilan, and a large collection of over 200 skins was formed
100
by the Assistant Curator in Pulau Jemor. one of the Aroa Islands,
which includes several littoral birds hitherto unrepresented in the
collection. A visit to Batu on the Selangor coast in November
proved less snecessful.
The birds collected on Gunong 'Tahan in 1905 were returned
by the authorities of the British Museum after a representative set
had heen selected by them, and, as was anticipated, add several species
of extreme rarity to the local collection.
The following species are new to the coulleetion, those marked
with an asterisk being either new to science or hitherto unknown from
the Malay Peninsula :
* Sphenocercus korthalst | Pnoepyga lepida
* Sphenocercus robinsoni Erythrocichla bicolor
* Brachypteryx wrayi Cuculus poliocephalus
* Musecieapula malavana 7 saturatus
Siva malayana Hierococcyx sp.
Suva waterstradti Nycticorax nycticorax
Pyrrhula waterstradti Gorsachins melanolophus
Centropus rectnnguis Sterna melananchen
thinomyias pectoralis . dougalli
Pteruthins tahanensis . aneestheta
* Locustella lanceolata
IJ.—- ETHNOLOGICAL.
A large number of Chinese plates of varving degrees of merit
and antiquity were purchased, chiefly from Rembau and Sri Menanti,
us well as some good examples of Malay silver and several fine
weapons. As regards the southern portion of the Peninsula the
collections of the Museum are now so extensive that it is only
cecasionally that a really desirable specimen is offered for sale and
then at a priee that is usually prohibitive.
The collection of stone implements was further extended, and
several yery uncommon types obtained.
At the end of the vear a short expedition was made to the
wnountains of South Perak, and a representative collection made of
the possessions of the local Sakai tribes, inchiding sumpitans and
quivers, bamboo comb, bark cloth and other specimen of primitive
culture.
STAFF.
The work of the statf generally was satisfactory, though for jungle
work it has been found impossible to employ Malays. -
s
H. C. ROBINSON,
Curator.
ON MAMMALS COLLECTED BY Mr. H. C. ROBINSON
ON TIOMAN AND AOR ISLANDS, 8. CHINA SEA,
By OLDFIELD THOMAS, r.r.s.
HAVE been entrusted by Mr. H. C. Robinson, of the Knala
Lumpur Museum, with a number of mammals collected by him
during 1906 on certain of the smaller islands round the Malay
Peninsula. The majority were obtained on the islands of Tioman and
Aor, off the east coast of Johore; and in the present paper I confine
myself to these, as those from other localities are of little special
mportance.
The mammals of Tioman and Aor have hitherto only been known
from papers by Mr. G. S. Miller on the material collected by Dr. W. L.
Abbott, and now in the U.S. National Museum. In his first paper on
the subject * Mr. Miller gave a list of the species obtained on Tioman
in 1899, while the Aor ones and some additional Tioman species are
included in a later paper.t
Mr. Miller’s Tioman list is as follows:
Macaca “cynomolgus” (= { Sciurus tenuirostris
fascicularis) » tenuis
Tupaia sordida Mus stridens
Paradoxurus hermaphrodi-; —,__ tiomanicus
tus . » obscurus
Ratufa tiomanensis } | Tragulus rufulus
§ Mr. Robinson obtained all of these, with the exception of Sciwrus
tenuis, Mus stridens and M. obscurus, and, in addition, the following :
Pteropus hypomelanus lepi- Rhinosciurus robinsoni, sp. #.
dus _ Mus surifer
Galeopterus taylori, sp. n. Atherurus tionis, sp. 7.
Petaurista melanotus
* “Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on Islands in the South China
Sea,” P. Wash. Acad. Sci. ii. pp. 203-246 (1900).
+t “Seventy new Malayan mammals,” Smiths. Mise. Coll. xlv. pp. 1-73 (1903).
{£ In the faunal list on p. 246 accidentally called tiomanicus.
§ Tioman was again visited in Sept., 1907, when Mus stridens, Scinrus tenvis,
and a form of Sciurus bilimitatus which may possibly prove distinct were obtained.
Several bats were also collected, amongst them being Chetromeles torquatus and
an Emballonura very close to E, peninsularis which is widely distributed
thronghout the Peninsula and adjacent islands. The only species from the
island which has not been seeured is Mus pullus, Miller, a synonym of Mus
obseurus, Miller, which is preocenpied in the genus. Dr. Abbott obtained a single
specimen of it. The “species” is very doubtfully distinct from the form of
M, concolor, Blyth, inhabiting the mainland.—H.C.R. ' :
Sept., 1908,
102
Of Dr. Abbott's Aor mammals no list was published, but all the
species obtained by Mr. Robinson have been deseribed in the second
paper above quoted.
With regard to the vexed question as to whether binomial or
trinomial names should be used for the various elosely allied races of
the same type, when isolated in islands, Iam strongly of opinion that
the balance of convenience is in favour of trinomials, at least in large
venera such as Scivrus and Mus, where binomials give no idea of the
relationship of the animals. In certain cases, however, where I am
morally convineed that a subspecifie rather than a speeific name is
advisable, and vet where I have not had the opportunity or material
to work out the group for myself, I have adopted the compromise of
inserting the parent name in brackets, and so indicating the alliance
of the animal dealt with.
MACACA PASCICULARIS, Rarr.
9298. Jnara Bay, Tioman.
PTEROVPUS HYPOMELANUS LEPIDUS, Mint.
g 280, 290 (yg.), 329. Jnara Bay, Tioman.
TI am informed by Dr. Andersen that this Fruit-bat, deseribed as
P. lepidus by Miller, should be considered as a local snhspecies of
the widely-spread P. hypomelenus.
“ Not uncommon on this island and on Pulo Aor, but not flying in
great flocks like P. rampyrus.”’—H. C. R.
GALEOPTERUS* AORIS, Mier.
6278; 2276, 277, 280. Pulo Aor.
These specimens are quite wniform in the size of their skulls and
teeth, and clffer markedly from the Tioman species. Two are in the
grev phase and two in an intermediate phase between grey and
rnfous.
GALEOPTERUS TAYLORI, sp. 7.
2281 (imm.). Pulo Tioman, 13th June, 1906. [3.M. No. 8. 1. 25. 3,
Pape.
“Very rare in this island.”
Size greater than in G. coris, abont equalling that of the mainland
species. Teeth very large.
Type in red phase. In colour and other external characters quite
like a specimen of G. tellonis, Lyon, in the red phase. Hands and
feet finely spotted with white.
Skull of the single specimen, although immature, already decidedly
larger than in @. coris, and almost equalling small examples of the
mainland species, to the size of which when full-grown it might hare
* Formerly Galeopithecus, See Thos. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., March, 1908.,
p. 254.
o
103
attained. Teeth very large, much larger than in any of the northern
members of the group, and only equalled by those of the very. much
larger Javan species.
DIMENSIONS OF THE TYPE (immature), measured in flesh :
Head and body, 338 mm. ; tail, 179; hind foot, 49; ear, 16.
Skull: condylo-basal leneth, 66; basal length, 61.5; zygomatic
breadth, 42.8 ; interorbital breadth, 17; tip to tip of postorbita] pro-
cesses, 31.5; palatal length, 31; breadth of mesopterygoid fossa, 12.3 ;
length of upper tooth series, 35, of anterior maxillary tooth (p? ) 7.1,
of second ditto ( p*) 5.8, of p* and the three upper molars together
15, of p, 7.2, of p, 7.5; three lower molars together 12.1.
Hap. and Tyrk as above.
This species is characterised by the great proportionate size of its
teeth, which considerably exceed those of any of the geographically
neighbouring forms, and equal those of the much larger Javan animal.
At the suggestion of Mr. Robinson I have named this new Flying-
lemur in honour of Sir W. T. Taylor, k.c.m.c., Resident-General,
Federated Malay States, who rendered the exploration of these
islands possible by permitting the use of the Government yacht
“Meran” for the purpose.
TUPAIA SORDIDA, Mitr.
T. c. p. 231.
$321; 29320. Juara Bay, Tioman,
Topotypes.
PARADOXURUS HERMAPHRODITUS, PALL.
$297. Juara Bay, Tioman.
PETAURISTA MELANOTUS, GRay.
6294, 296; 9 295.. Juara Bay, Tioman.
These specimens differ considerably in the size of their skulls,
that of 294, being about as large as in examples from Malacca, while
295 is little longer than the small P. nitidula of the Natunas.
RATUFA (MELANOPEPLA) TIOMANENSIS, MILL,
P. Wash. Ac. ii. p. 180 (1900).
$288, 286, 287, 288, 289; 9284, 285. Juara Bay, Tioman,
Topotypes.
Several characters, external and cranial, are given by Mr. Miller
for the distinction of the Tioman Ratufa, but the only one which
this series confirms is the slightly shorter tail, and as his own
measurements completely intergrade, I should certainly consider
the animal as merely a subspecies of the mainland form.
104
SCIURUS (VITTATUS) TENUIROSTRIS, Mint.
P. Wash, Ac. ii. p. 221, fig. 18¢ (skull) (1900).
$307, 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 318; 9308, 311, 317, 319. Juara
Bay, Pulo Tioman.
Evidently the commonest species in Tioman. It is a larger
form than the representative of the same group in Aor and Pemangil.
SCIURUS (VITTATUS) “AORIS,” Mixt.
Smiths. Mise. Coll. xlv. p. 10 (1908).
2301, 303; 9300, 302. Pulo Aor.
‘Topotypes.
Mr. Robinson also collected three Squirrels of this group on
Pemangil Island, elose to Aor, and these would represent Miller’s
S. pemangilensis, described just before S. aoris. I confess I fail
to see any difference between the specimens from the two islands,
though I provisionally use the name given to the Aor form.
RHEINOSCIURUS ROBINSONI, sp. x
J 340, 341, 343; 2 337, 338, 339, 342. Juara Bay, Pulo Tioman.
More allied to the Bornean FR. laticaudatus, M. & 8., than to the
Malayan R. tupaioides, Gray *; the tail-hairs broadly washed with
ochraceous. .
General colour above about as in B. tupaioides, paler than ina
specimen from N. Borneo, which I ee accept as RR. lati-
caudatus.
Centre of back blackish, rump more ochraceous, especially on sides,
the whole dorsal area less uniform than in laticaudatus. Flanks above
line of demarcation little suffused with buffy, while the belly itself, as
in laticaudatus, is buffy throughout, being more ochraceous buffy
posteriorly. Crown dark grizzled olive. Ears with an inconspicuous
light patch behind them. Limbs darkening terminally, becoming
blackish on the hands and hind toes as in RF. laticaudatus. Tail-hairs
black basally and subterminally, the second and terminal rings buffy
or ochraceous buffy, similar to each other, or the terminal ring even
darker than the subbasal; in the other species the ends are lighter
than the subbasal rings, buffy white mm /aticaudatus and nearly quite
white in tupatoides.
Skull with rather smaller bulle than in R. laticaudatus, jauch
smaller than in &. tupaioides.
* T qnote this name as of Gray and not Blyth, becanse I do not think that
the names in the former’s “ List of Mammalia,” 1843, cau be considered teehnieally
as nomina nuda in the eases where a characteristic English name was appended to
them. The plan of the book not ineluding descriptions in the usual sense, Gray
seems to have done his best to make up for them by applying names by which
the animals conld be identified, and no one conjd any more doubt as to the
identity of the ‘‘ Sharp-nosed Squirrel” (p. 195) than of those of the “ Blackish-
backed,” “ Ashy-headed,” or “Grey-thighed” species referred to on p. 143.
105
DIMENSIONS OF THE ‘TYPE:
Head and body, 199 mm. ; tail, 90; hind foot (s. u.), 37.
Skull: greatest length *, 53; basilar length, 43.5; zygomatic breadth,
25.5; nasals, 18.5 x 5.3; mterorbital breadth, 12; breadth of brain-case,
20.5; diastema, 15.5; length of bulla, 10; length of upper tooth-series,
11.8.
Typr.—Adult female. B.M. No. 8.1. 25.15. Original number 337.
Collected 7th June, 1906, by H. C. Robinson.
This Long-nosed Squirrel differs very markedly from the Malayan
Rhinosciurus, both in colour and skull-characters, and is clearly more
nearly allied to the Bornean representative of the genus. The Museum
had already received from Mr, Robinson a good example of BR. tupaioides,
collected by him in Pahang, and this shows well the white belly, buffy
flanks, and white-washed tail which distinguish that animal from the
insular forms.
IT have much pleasure in naming this distinct species in honour of
Mr. Robinson, its discoverer, to whom we are indebted for so much of
our knowledge of the mammalian fauna of the Malay Peninsula and
its islands.
MUS TIOMANICUS, Mrut.
6 380, 333; 93381, 332. Juara Bay, Tioman.
A member of the neglectus group.
MUS SURIFER, MiL1.
6 335, 386; 9334. Inara Bay, Pulo Tioman.
These specimens appear to be quite similar to those in the British
Museum, obtained by Mr. C. B. Kloss and mentioned in Mr. Bonhote’s
paper on his collection.
ATHERURUS TIONIS#, sp. x.
§ 324 (skull only), 325; 93823. Juara Bay, Tioman.
Similar to the mainland A. macrourus in colour and in the detailed
skull-characters which separate A. zygomaticus from that species, but
markedly smaller, with shorter tail, the skull less inflated, and smaller
throughout.
Skull lower and less inflated than in macrourus, but its shape
otherwise very similar. Nasals rather larger in proportion, their size
nearly equalling that found in the larger form. Molars smaller in all
dimensions.
* The type is rather a small speciinen; two other skulls measure 56 and 56.5
nin. in greatest length. ;
+ The middle syllable of Tioman being long, as in all other Malay naincs
thus making such a word as tiomanicus almost unpronounceable, I have permitted
myself the liberty of ubbreviating the name of the island,
106
DIMENSIONS OF THE Tyre (measured in flesh) :
Head and body, 516 mm.; tail, 176; hind foot (s. u.), 60; ear, 35.
Skull: upper length, 91; basilar length, 77.5; greatest breadth, 48 ;
nasals, 27x15; intertemporal breadth, 26; height of muzzle on
diastema, 18.5; height of crown above palate, 25; palatilar length, 39 ;
diastema, 28.5; length of upper tooth-series (crowns), 16.8.
Tyee.—Old male. B.M. No. 8. 1. 25.21. Original number 325.
Collected 13th June, 1906.
The specimen which I take as a characteristic example of the
peninsular macrourus agrees closely in its skull-measurements with the
one from Trong referred to by Miller in his description of A.
zygomaticus. Of its skull, the upper length is 100 mm., the height of
the muzzle 21, of the crown 29, and the length of the upper tooth-
series is 18 mm. It was obtained at Jalor by Messrs. Robinson and
Annandale.
This animal is clearly a small insular representative of A. macrourus,
and does not show the peculiarities that distinguish the Aor Island
form. '
ATHERURUS ZYGOMATICUS, MILL,
9 326, 327. Pulo Aor.
Topotypes.
These specimens quite agree with My. Miller’s description, both in
the peculiar character of the zygomata and in the dark colour of their
sides and bellies. i
Among the Eastern Atheruri in the British Museum I find
an example of this species which was purchased in 1881 from a dealer,
and was labelled in Japanese writing “ Fasciculated Porcupine—
native name Len pku koku—India.”
TRAGULUS RUFULUS, Mits.
8 291, 203, 828 (skull only); 2292. Inara Bay, ‘Tioman.
Topotypes.
“Very common. Caught in fall-traps baited with jackfruit.”-—
H.C. R.
These specimens differ from Mr. Miller’s description by having
their bellies more or less washed with fulvous, but appear to agree in
all other respects.
They also entirely agree in colour with the type of Gray’s Tragulus
stonleyanus, a species whose exact locality has, to my knowledge, never
been definitely determined; but their skulls are so far smaller
that they cannot be referred to it.
Probably T. stunleyanus will prove to occur on the mainland and
to hear much the same relation to T. rufulus that Atherurus macrourus
does to A. tionis.
107
[Extracted from the * Linnean Society's Journal” —Botany, vol. xxxviii., pp. 301-336,
June, 1908. }
ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS MADE BY H. C. ROBIN-
SON AND L. WRAY FROM GUNONG TAHAN, PAHANG.
By H. N. RIDLEY, .a., F.RS., F.L.S., ASSISTED BY OTHER BoTANIsts,
[Read 5th December, 1907. ]
[. N 1905 the Trustees of the British Museum made a grant towards
the expenses of Mr. H. C. Robinson’s expedition to Gunong
Tahan in the Malay Peninsula, on condition that the whole collection
made by the expedition should be sent to the Natural History Museum
and that the first set should become the property of the Trustees. An
account of the expedition will shortly be published in the “ Journal of
the Federated Malay States Museums.” *
The plants, numbering about 250 specimens, were colleeted from
May to July, 1905, by Mr. Robinson and Mr. LL. Wray, Director of
Museums, Federated Malay States. As Mr. H. N. Ridley, who ts
specially interested in the botany of the Peninsula, was home on leave
during last year, I asked him to prepare an account of the collection.
He agreed, but having to return to Singapore early m January, left his
paper in an unfinished state ; with Mr. E. G. Baker’s assistance I have
compared it with the specimens in the study set at the British Museum,
annotated, and prepared it for the press. ‘The account of the Ferns
and Mosses is largely the work of Mr. A. Gepp, and that of the Fungi
and Lichens has been prepared by Miss A. Lorrain Smith.
(A. B. Runpuu.) |
THE mountain Gunong Tahan lies in the north of Pahang, on the
east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and was formerly believed to be by
far the highest mountain in the Peninsula. It proves, however, to be
by no means so lofty as was ut first supposed, being only 7,100 feet in
altitude.
Several attempts were made to explore this mountain on previous
occasions. The first of these was undertaken by the author of this
paper, accompanied by Mr. W. Davison, Curator of the Raffles Museum,
Singapore, and Lieut. Kelsall, r.u., in 1891. The position of the
mountain was then unknown, and owing to the limited time allowed,
the failure of the commissariat, the extremely unhealthy character of
the Tahan Valley, and the unsettled state of Pahang, then on the eve
of the rebellion which broke out the following year, the expedition
failed to reach its goal. A good collection of plants, however, was
made, an account of which was published in the “Transactions of this
Society,” ser. 2, iii. p. 267, and an itinerary of the trip in the “ Journal
of the Royal Asiatic Society,’ Straits Branch, vol. xxv. p. 33. This
expedition attempted to reach the mountain by travelling up the Pahang
* Vol. ur. (Feb., 1908).
108
River, then up the Tembeling and Tahan Rivers, which latter stream
is reported to spring from the base of the mountain.
Tn 1893 Mr. H. M. Becher again attempted to reach the mountain
by the same route, but perished ina spate of the Tahan River about
five miles above the point at which the first expedition stopped. A few
plants were added to the collections at Singapore Botanic Gardens by
the Gardens’ plant-collector, who accompanied Mr. Becher’s ill-fated
expedition.
In 1899 Myr. W. W. Skeat, who went with the Cambridge expedition
tv explore the north of the Peninsula, made a hasty trip to the mountain
from the north, and after much difficulty and risk reached it.
In 1901 Mr. John Waterstradt reached the mountain in a trip made
chiefly for the purpose of collecting birds. An account of his expedi-
tion was published in the “ Journal of the Roval Asiatie Society,”
Straits Branch, vol. xxxvn. (1902) pp. 1-27.
The collection of plants made by Messrs. Robinson and Wray is one
of considerable interest, and contains a uumber of remarkable addi-
tions to the knowledge of the Flora of the Malay Peninsula. It has
long been known that the floras of the east and west coasts are very
different, the eastern side showing a number of Australian and eastern
Asiatic types not met with on the western side, the flora of which
is more accessible and has been more thoroughly studied.
The greatest interest centres round the plants, the geographical
distribution of which is further extended. Two of these are specially
noteworthy—viz., Pentaphylax malayana, u. sp., and Gentiana mala-
yana: the former is the second representative of a Chinese monotypic
venus of Ternstreemiacee previously known only from Hongkong; the
latter is closely allied to a Bornean species occurring on Mt. Kinabalu
and to a Javan species.
A curious new genus of Melastomaces allied to Dissochetu, which
I have called Ovitrephes, is also an important addition. The genus
Xyris is represented in the Peninsula by several sea-shore species, but
is seldom met with inland or at any altitude; it is absent, so far as is
known, from the Perak Hills and Mount Ophir, but one species,
X. Ridleyi, was found by me on Kedah Peak at about 3,000 feet eleva-
tion. Two species occur on Gunong Tahan, one identical with that
from Kedah Peak, the other, X. grandis, u.sp., perhaps the largest
species of the genus, conspicuous from its stiff sword-like leaves resem-
bling those of Cladium Muingayt, C. B. Clarke, of Mount Ophir.
There are, as usual in such collections, several species of Didymo-
carpus, including two new to science, aud a number of Orchids, a good
proportion of which are also new.
Among the previously described plants it is interesting to find
several of those known only from Father Scortechini’s collections and
distributed without any specific locality. It is probable that as they
109
have not been met with on the western slopes of the Perak Hills,
Seortechini must have collected them on the eastern watershed of the
main range. Such are Gordonia imbricata, King, Polyosma coriacea,
King, and Calophyllum venustum, King.
SPERMATOPHYTA.
DICOTYLEDONES.
POLYPETAL.
DILLENIACEX.
ACROTKEMA cosratuM, Jack, in Mal. Mise. 1. (1820) No. v. 36
(p. 803). *
Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. (5536.)
Distrib— Common in most hill regions of the Straits Settlements
at that altitude and occasionally at lower elevations.
POLYGALACEE,
POLYGALA MONTICOLA, w. sp. (p. 303).
Frutex circa bipedalis, basi nuda hgnosa, superne haud ramosa.
Foha 3-4 poll. longa, 14 poll. lata, lanceolata utrinque acuminata,
petiolata, glabra aut raro pilis translucentibus parce munita,
nervis primariis ad 8 paria, petiolo $ poll. longo. Racemus
subterminalis strictus erectus densus. Flores albi, carinis roseis,
¢ poll. longis; pedicellis brevissimis. Scpala externa ovata
rotundata pubescentia. Petala oblonga, carina cristata. Capsula
immatura reniformis biloba ferme } poll. in diametro.
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. A small shrub; flowers white;
column edged with yellow, pinkish above; sepals edged with
purple. (5456.) At 4,000-5,000 ft.; about 2 feet high. Flower
white when first opened, afterwards turning pink; leaf-stalks
tinted piuk. (5384).
Forma masor, foliis 6 poll. longis, 2 poll. latis, glabris, petiolis
pollicaribus ; racenio 9 poll. longo.
Flowers tipped rose-red, calyx and flower-stalks white; mid-ribs of
leaves tinted with red. At 5,000 ft. (5333.)
Though this has been several times collected in the mountains of
the Malay Peninsula by different collectors, it seems to have
been confused with P. venenosa, Juss. Its smaller flowers on
very short pedicels, as well as its dwarf stem and dense erect
raceme, make it very distinct from the great spreading half-
shrub which is common in the lower damp forests; and it is
difficult to see how it could be considered a variety of P. venenosa,
which is really much less variable than would appear from the
nwnber of varieties of it recorded.
~ * To facilitate citation the original pagination is quoted in italics after each
species. Ed
10
PITTOSPOREM,
Pirrospoxum, sp. A small tree 10-15 feet high, with light-coloured
boughs and opposite subcoriaceous lanceolate leaves glaborus
with impressed nerves above, strongly reticulate above and
beneath, petioles pubescent. Fruit solitary, oval, ; inch long,
on a slender peduncle 13 inch Jong.
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. (5444.)
Too incomplete to describe, but I cannot identify it with any
Asiatic species. The only species hithertu recorded from the
Peninswa is Pittosporum ferrugineuim, Dryand.
GUTTIFER.E.
CALOPHYLLUM SPECTABILE, Willd., in Ges. Naturf. I’'r. Berl. Mag. v.
(1811) 80 (p. 304).
In fruit, Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. A inedium-sized tree 50-60 feet
high. (534-+4.)
Distrib—A common and widely dispersed species, occurring from
the Andamans eastward to the Society Islands.
C. venustuM, King, in Journ. As. Sov. Beng. lix. (1890) 180 (p. 304).
Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. A small tree with white flowers
(5340, 5395.)
Distrib.Perak. Only once previously collected.
< TERNSTREEMIACEE,
ANNESLEA CRASSIPES, Hook. cx Choisy, in Mém. Soc. Phys. Gen. xiv.
(1855) 129 (p. 804).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. A small tree; calyx bright red. (5322.)
Distrib.—Found also on Mt. Ophir, and Gunong Batu Puteh and
other mountains of Perak; also Philippine Is.
ADINANDRA VILLOSA, Choisy, 1. c. 12 (p. 304).
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Tree 30-40 feet high ; flowers white.
(5517.)
Distrib—Tavoy and Perak at high elevations.
AA. ANGULATA, 2. 8p).
Arbor 40-50-pedalis, ramis compressis, ramulis complauatis angulatis
validis, alabastris parce sericeis. Folia clliptica obtuse acuminata
coriacea, 4-7 poll. longa, 2-4 poll. lata, siccitate flavescentia, nervis
wd 20 paria couspicue reticulatis, petiolo 3 poll. longo crasso.
Flores nou visi. Bracter 2 parve ovate. Sepala ovata rotundata
crassa glabra, + poll. longa. Ovarium globosum } poll. longum,
stylo equilongo coronatum. Fructus in pedicello 3 poll. longo,
superne icrassato.
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. (5518.) A very remarkable species,
with the foliage of one of the large Garcinias, and quadrate stems
with a narrow wing running along each edge. The very large
fruits are in pairs,
ai
TERNSTR@MIA JAPONICA, Thunb., in Trans. Linn. Soc. 11. (1794) 335
(p. 804).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Bush; flowers white; leaves pale green
beneath. (5328.) 5,000-6,000 ft. Shrub 2-3 feet high; flowers
greenish white; anthers brown. (5501.)
Distrib.An addition to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula. Tern-
stremia juponica taken in a large sense is a widely spread species
in Eastern Asia, and as T. aneura, Miq. (the type of which
these specimens closely resemble), occurs in Banka.
GorRDONIA ImBRicara, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lix. (1890) 204
(p. 305).
Gunong Tahan, 6,000 ft. A small tree; the flower cream-colour,
# inch across. (5496 and 5406.)
Distrib.—A rare plant, only collected ounce in Perak by Scortechini.
ScHIMA NoRONHE, Reinw. ex Blume, Biyjdr. 130.
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. A small tree 20-25 feet high, or
a shrub 4-6 feet high; flower white, stamens yellow. (5508,
5029.)
Distrib—Counnon and variable at high altitudes, occurring also in
Burma and the Malay Archipelago.
P#NTAPHYLAX MALAYANA, u. sp. (py. 305).
Frutex vel arbor parva, rauis uigris. Folia coriacea glabra ovata
obtusa, basi rotundata, nervis incouspicuis, 2 poll. longa, 1 poll.
lata, siccitate flavescentia. Spicee 1 poll. longee dense. Bracteze
ovate 4, marginibus ciliatis. Sepala ovata rotundata ciliata.
Petala linearia oblonga retusa alba. Stamima quam petala bre-
viora, filamentis oblongis, apicibus acunuinatis. Stylus cylindricus
brevis; stigma planum brevissime 5-lobum. Capsula_breviter
pedivellata, + poll. longa. Semina linearia curva, 2 in quoque
loculo.
Gunong Tahan, 3,300-5,000 ft. Bush with white flowers. (5825,
5339, 5405.)
_ A very fine addition to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula, the only
other known species, P. ewryoides, Gardn. & Champ., being a
native of Hongkong. Specimens of obviously the same species
were some years ago brought by Mr. Barnes from K’luang Terbang
in Pahang (Journ. Roy. As. Sov., Straits Branch, xxxix. (1903)
1-18). These specimens were in fruit, and the description of the
fruit is taken from them. P. malayane differs from P. exryoides
in its smaller, more thickly coriaceous, blunt leaves, and its shorter
and thicker flower-spikes,
TILIACEA.,
ELA OCARPUS MONTICOLA, 1. sp. (p. 305).
Frutex foliis ovato-lanceolatis integris glabris coriaceis, 3 poll.
longis, 2 poll. latis, nervorum 6 paribus, petiolis pollicaribus
the
Racemi breviusculi, 2 poll. longi, foliis breviores. Flores parvi
dissiti pedicellati, } poll. longi. Sepala 4 ovata pubescentia
roseo-brunnea. Petala vix longiora quam sepala, oblonga, fin1-
briata, viridescenti-alba, pubescentia. Stamina 12, filamentis
brevibus, antheris linearibus, sine barbis seu aristis. Ovarium
globosum, stylo brevius. Torus crassus undulatus. Drupa glo-
bosa, plus quam 3 poll. longa, rugosa.
Gunone Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Shrub 10-12 feet high. Sepals
pinkish brown; petals greenish white. (5523.)
Near Eleevcarpus panctatus, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ix. 11.
(1891) 139 (Malay Penmsula, Java, and Sumatra), but differs in
the more fimbriate petals, longer style, and entire leaves. The
fruit is very different from that of FL. punctatus and resembles that
of E. parvifolius, Wall.
RUTACELE,
EvoDIA SIMPLICIFOLIA, 1. sp. (p. 306).
Frutex 7-pedalis ramosus. Folia opposita elliptica obtusa, basi sub-
cuneata vel rotundata, coriacea integra, nervis primaris sepe 16,
nervulis reticulatis, 3-34 poll. longa, 1} poll. lata, siccitate pallida,
petiolis 3 poll. longis. Panicule petiolo vix longiores in axillis
foliorum summorum disposite. Flores non visi. Capsule 4-lo-
bate 3 poll. late rugose glabree.
_Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. A shrub 7 feet high. In fruit
(5492.)
. Much resembles E. puchyphylla, King, a native of Perak, but is very
distinct in its simple unifoliolate leaves and glabrous capsules.
CELASTRACES.
SALACIA PERAKENSIS, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beny. Ixv. ii. (1896) 364,
e descript (p. 306).
Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. A small tree; flowers dull red. (63382.)
I have seen no authentic specimen.
Distrib.— Originally collected in Perak by Scortechini, who gave
no exact locality.
ROSACEA,
PuHoTINia busta, Lindl., in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. (1821) 104, t. 10
(p. 306).
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small shrub 8-15 feet high; fruit
brownish red, (5486.)
Not recorded in the “Flora of the Malayan Peninsula”; it was
collected by Griffith at Bukit China, a low hill close to Malacca, and
by myself on rocks by the river in the Dindings, where it is a low
straggling bush.
Distrib.—North India.
113
Pyrvus aranutosa, Bertol., in Mem. Accad. Se. Bologn., ser. 2, iv,
(1864) 312 (p. 306).
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Tree 15-25 feet. (5520.)
Distrib. —Khasia, Burma, and Sumatra.
SAXIFRAGACEE,
Weinmannia Buvmet, Planch., in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847)
470 (p. 306).
Gunong Tahan. Tree; flowers red; leaves green, stalks red.
(5319.)
Distrib.—Higher mountains of the Peninsula.
Poutyosma coriackA, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixvi. 11. (1897) 300
(p. 807).
Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. Bush; flowers white. (5888.) A
small tree 20-30 feet high; flowers yellowish-white. (5493.)
Distrib.— Perak and Kedah Peak.
P. LETE-VIRENS, Griff. ex King, 1. ¢. 303.
Small tree at 5,000-6,000 ft. (5462.)
Distrib. Malay Peninsula.
HAMAMELIDE.Y,
Ruwopouera TeEysmManni, Miq., in Versl. en Med. K. Akad. Wetensch. vi.
(1857) 123 (p. 807).
Guuong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Large shrub 10 feet high, or tree 18
inches in diameter; flower rosy pink. (5482, 5506.)
Distrib.—Hill-ranges of Malay Peninsula and in Sumatra.
RHIZOPHORES.
CARALLIA EUGENOIDEA, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixvi. 11. (1897)
320 (p. 307).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Small tree.
Distrib.—Perak. Hitherto only known from Scortechini’s collec-
tion.
MYRTACE®.
Ba&ckera Froutescens, Linn. Sp. Pl. 358 ( p. 307).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. (5311.)
Distrib— Common on all hills at this elevation; also Malay
Archipelago.
LEPTOSPERMUM FLAVESCENS, Sim., var. COMMUNE, Benth., Fl. Austral.
iii, 104 (p. 307).
Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft., on ridges. Trunk up to 2 feet in
diameter, but short and twisted. (5409.)
Distrib—Common on the hills at this elevation in the Malay
Peninsula, and throughout the Archipelago to Australia.
114
Rropamyta TRINERVIA, Blume, Mus. Bot. Luyd.-Bat. i. 09 (p. 807).
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. (5500.) A mountain form with
coriaceous ovate acuminate leaves, densely white woolly beneath,
less so above, but with silky white pubescence on the upper face
and pubescent fruit.
Distvib..—Malayan Archipelago and Philippines to Anstralia ; Burma.
EUGENIA PAHANGENSIS, 7. sp. ( p. 307’).
Arbor 20-pedalis cortice albescente. Folia coriacea crassa elliptica
petiolata obtusa, costa snperne depressa subtus elevata, nervis
plurimis gracilibus subparallelis, 3-4 poll. longa, 2 poll. lata.
Panicula brevis terminalis densiflora, 2 poll. longa, ramis paucis
crassis angulatis. Flores flavescentes parvi congesti sessiles vix
1 poll. longi. Sepala brevissima crassa, triangularia acuta. Petala
parva caduca orbicularia. Stamina brevinsenla. Ovarium ob-
conicum anguatum.
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small tree 20 feet high ; flowers pale
yellowish. (5454.)
Belongs to the same group as Eugenia subdecussata, Duth., but is
very distinct in its foliage.
EUGENIA VIRIDESCENS, n. sp. (p. 308).
Frutex. Folia coriacea sessilia glabra obovata, apicibus late rotun-
datis vix apiculatis, versus basin angustata, basibus subretusis,
21-3 poll. longa, 14 poll. lata, nervis copiosis tenuibus approxi-
matis, costa crassiuscula. Panicule quam folia breviores, ter-
minales, 2 poll. longe, pedunculis brevibus ramulis validulis.
Flores inter minores, } poll. longa. Calyx campanulatus, margine
subintegro undulato. Petala 4 calyptram formantia rotundata.
Stamina brevia, calycem paullo superantia.
Gunong Tahan, 5,000 ft. A bush; flowers pale green, leaves and
young wood tinged with purple. (5338.)
Allied to E. subdecussata, Duth., but differs in the form of the
leaves, which narrow towards the base and end in a truncate
retuse manner. They are less stiff than those of subdecussata,
drying of a yellowish colour, and the margins curling back. The
nervation is very fine and close and hardly distinguishable.
MELASTOMACEX.
MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM, Linn., Sp. Pl. 559 (p. 808).
. Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Flower pimkish. (5514.)
A very large-flowered form of this variable species, the petals being
nearly as large as those of M. decemfidum, Roxh., but otherwise
there is very little difference between this and typical Af. malaba-
thricum of the plains.
Distrib.— India to China and North Australia.
115
SONERILA HETEROSTEMONA, Naud., in Ann. Sci. Nat. sév. 3, xv. (1851)
326 (p. 808).
Kuala Teku, 800-1,000 ft. (5538.)
Distrib.—Common in the woods of the plains. Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra to Borneo,
S. surrruricosa, Stapf & King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxix. 11. (1900)
29.
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers white or tinted with pink; leaves
dull green with white hairs, beneath crimson with white hairs.
(5315, 5347.)
Distrib.— Perak, Gunong Bubu (previously collected by Wray).
S. pARADOXA, Naud., 1. c. 321.
Gunong Tahan, 3,500 ft. Leaves bright green with metallic blue
lights, beneath crimson, hairs on both sides crimson; flowers
pale pink. (5362.) The very hairy form common at higher
elevations.
Distrib.—Penanyg.
ANERINCLEISTUS FRUTICOSUS, n. sp. (p. 309).
Suffrutex multi-ramosus, cortice fusco. Folia subcoriacea lanceo-
lata acuminata glabra, 1-3 poll. longa } poll. lata, subtus glauca,
apicibus obtusis, basibus acuminatis. Flores solitarii vel 3-4 um-
bellati, pedunculo } poll. longo. Calycis tubus vix dilatus glaber.
Sepala subulata acuminata glabra, } poll. longa. Petala 4, rosea
lanceolata acuminata ferme subulata. Stamina 8, antheris elonga-
tis ¢ poll. longis ineequalibus, basi obscure emarginatis, nec appen-
diculatis, antheris sterilibus rubris. Capsula obconica 2 poll,
longa } poll. lata.
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small shrub; flower pale pink ;
anthers pale yellow. (5453.)
Allied to A. macranthus, King, but more glabrous with smaller
leaves and more woody.
ORITREPHES, 2. gen.
Frutex ; foliis oppositis ellipticis acuminatis, basi cuneatis, triner-
viis. Panicula terminalis pauciflora, floribus majusculis. Calyx
leprosus obconicus, apice constricto, Jobis 4 hrevibus connatis,
dentiformibus. Petala 4 obovata unguiculata alba. Stamina 8,
eequalia, similia, antheris elongatis versus apices attenuatis, poro
terminali, basibus breviter hastatis, appendicibus et setis nullis,
dorso processu parvo circulari onustis. Stylus longus, stigmate
punctiformi. Ovariun 4-loculatum ellipticum, ferme ad basin
tubi calycis liberum, vertice depresso-concavum. Fructus bac-
catus. Semina plura, placentis axillaribus suffulta; adhuc im-
matura,
116
O. PULCHRA, 7. sp.
Frutex ramosus ; foliis superne glabris inferne rufescenti-lepidotis,
nervis tomento rufo teetis, primariis tribus subtus elevatis, seeun-
dariis horizontalibus circa 26 paribus, 2-5 poll. longis, 1-2 poll.
latis, petiolo pollicari. Pedunculus 3 poll. ereetus, glaber. Flores
4-6, Calyx in. pedicello equilongo, } poll. longus, lobis brevibus
connatis. Petala obovata retusa unguiculata, alba roseo-tincta.
Stamina petals gequilonga, filamentis pubescentibus, antheris
flavis. Fructus leprosus immaturus $ poll. longus.
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-5,500 ft. Petals white tipped with pink.
(5509.)
Closely allied to Dissocheta and Anplectrum. Remarkable for its
8 similar stamens without hairs or appendages.
MEDINILLA CLARKE, King, in Jowrn. As. Soc. Beng. lxix. 11. (1900) 63
( p. 809).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Small-sized tree. (5312.)
Distrib —Malay Peninsula.
MEDINILLA PAHANGENSIS, 7. sp. (p. 810).
Frutex epiphyticus, cortice albo verrucoso. Folia verticillata lanceo-
lata subobtusa vel oblanceolata, basi angustata, coriacea enervia,
2 poll. longa $ poll. lata, petiolo } poll. Flores in eymis 1 poll.
longis, pentameri, albi, $ poll. longi. Calyx cupuliformis, granu-
latus, obseure 5-dentatus. Petala obovata rotundata. Stamina
10, filamentis sinuatis glabris, antheris equilongis ¢urvis, processi-
bus 2 anticis ad basin corniformibus, wnoque dorsal.
Gunong Tahan, 4,000-5,000 ft. Growing on trees; flowers white.
(5396.)
In general appearance resembles M. Hasseltii, Blume, but is pen-
tamerous.
PACHYCENTRIA TUBERCULATA, Korth., Ver. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 246, t. 63
(p. 310).
Gunong Tahan, on trees at 3,300 ft. Flowers white, each petal
tinted rosered at the base; flower-stalks, fruit, and mid-ribs of
leaves beneath coral-red. (5237.)
Distrib—Malay Peninsula, Burma, Borneo. Common at all alti-
tudes.
MEMECYLON GARCINIOIDES, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.- Bat. i. 358 (p. 810).
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers white: anthers violet. (5352.)
Distrib.—Borneo and Sumatra.
M. Marneayi, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 557.
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Creeper ; fruit chrome-yellow.
(5457.)
Distrib,h— Malay Peninsula.
Lv?
BEGONIACE.A,
Breonta sinuara, Wall., List, No. 3680 (p. 310).
Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. Flowers pale pink ; stamens chrome-
yellow ; stalks purplish pink, leaves beneath reddish purple.
(5539.)
Distrib-—~Burma, Malay Peninsula.
B. Herveyana, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beny. xxi. 11, (1902) 63.
Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. (5546.)
Distrib.—Malacea.
GAMOPETALZ.
RUBIACEM,
ARGOSTEMMA MUSCICOLA, 2. sp. (p. 310).
Herba parva erecta vel suberecta, hispidula, 2 poll. alta. Folia
equalia anguste lanceolata acuta basi cuneata herbacea, glabra,
nervis tribus et marginali pilis albescentibus munitis exceptis,
1-13 poll, longa, 3 poll. lata ; petiolo brevi. Flores 1-2 terminales
pedunculati, albi, inter majores generis, } poll. lati. Bractewz
lanceolate, et cum pedicellis hirsute. Sepala lanceolata acuta.
Petala lanceolata acuta.
Gunong Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Small herb on mossy rocks by
streams. (5461.)
The number of Argostemmas in the Peninsula is large and increases
with every mountain explored, as in the case of Soneri/a. This
little erect species belongs to the set with equal leaves, but has
somewhat the habit of A. involucratum, Hemsl.
ARGOSTEMMA ALBOCILIATUM, n. sp. (p. 311).
Herba reptans, gracilis, hispida, 3-7 poll. longa. Folia sequalia
ovata apicibus subacutis vel rotundatis, breviter petiolata, dense
hispida, 3 ad poll. longa, }-3 poll. lata. Stipule breves ovate.
Flores 1-4 in pedunculo gracili hispido, 2 poll. longo. Bractex
minute lanceolate lineares. Calyx hispidus, lobis brevibus his-
pidis. Petala lanceolata acuminata, hispidula, } poll. longa.
Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Flowers white; leaves pale green, covered
with white hairs. (5229.)
A curious creeping species with ovate hairy leaves.
A. Yappeu, King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxii. 11. (1903) 145.
Gunorg Tahan, 5,000-6,000 ft. Flowers white; anthers yellow.
(5491.)
Distrib.— Perak.
A. Hooxert,, King, l. c. 45. ©
. Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. Leaves dark green, with broad irregular
stripe of light silvery green in centre. (5376.)
Distrib. Malay Peninsula. .Frequent on the hills, °
Sept,, 1908,
11s
A. prctum, Wall., in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. ii. 327.
Kuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. Flowers white. (5543.)
Distvib.—Malay Peninsula. Common in hill-forests.
OpHiorruIzA Muncos, Linn., Sp. P1150 (p. 811).
KKuala Teku, 500-1,000 ft. (5534.)
Distrib.—India, Malaya. . Gunong Batu Puteh, Telom, Batuny Padang mountains.
These terms cover a district in the main central range of the
Malay Peninsula centermg round a poimt in about 4° 15' N.
and ranging in altitude from about 3,500-7,000 ft.
Large eollections have been made had by Wray, uy ‘selt and ihe
collectors of the Selangor Museum, and are partially described
by Sharpe (3) and on (1).
6. Semangko Pass and neighbouring hills, 2,700-5,000 ft.
A pomt in the dividing range of the Peninsula between. Selangor
and Pahang in latitude 3° 40’ N. at a height of 2,700 ft., from
which hills rise steeply on both sides to over 5,000 ft.
The bulk of the mountain collectivns in the Selangor Museum
have been obtained in this district, which is exceptionally well
situated for collecting. —
7. Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Gunong Ulu Kali.
Points in the main dividing range of the Peninsula from 4,200-
5.800 ft. im latitude 3° 25' N. app.
Large collections have also been made here and a few specimens
are mentioned by Grant (2) luc. cit.
8. Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft.
A pass on the mam range about 20 unles south ef Gunong
Mengkuang Lebah in latitude 3° 13' N. app. a
ai few birds were collected here by Butler and considerable series
have been obtaied by the Selangur Museum collectors, working
from this as a centre from 1,500-4,000 ft.
J. Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilan, 2,600-3,200 ft., latitude 2° 45’ N.
A control station on a spur south of the ter mination of the main
dividing range.
166
Large collectious have been made here, but nu mountain forms
oceur.
ly. Mount Ophir, borders of Malacca and Johor, latitude 2° 20’ N.,
4,100 ft. high.
Wallace and Whitehead’ made small collections here, and several
species received by Blyth from his Malacca correspondents were
probably also from the vicinity. The lower slopes were favourite
hunting grounds of the old Malacca trade skin hunters.
No mountain forms are known from the hill, which is quite detached.
11. Gunong Pulai, Johor, latitude 1° 35’ N., about 3,000 ft.
Much: collected on by Davison for Hume, whose collections passed
to the British Museum.
12. Gunony Tahan, an isolated massif on the east side of the main
range, latitude 4° 45’ N., 7,150 ft. high.
Collected on by Waterstradt and myself; the respective collections
described by Hartert (1) and Grant (2) lve. cit.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
SHARPE, R. B.: .
Notes on some Birds froin Perak. Proc. Zuol. Sue. London, 1886.
pp. 300, 853. Quoted as Sharpe (1).
SHARPE, R. B.:
On a Second Collection of Birds formed by Mr. L. Wray on the
Mountains of Perak, Malay Peninsula. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, 1887, pp. 431-447, pls. xxxvil-xxxvili. Quoted as Sharpe (2).
SHARPE, R. B.:
List of « Collection of Birds made by Mr. L. Wray on the Main
Range of Mountains of the Malay Peninsula, Perak. Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1888, pp. 268-281, pl. xx. Quoted as Sharpe (3).
Hartert, E.:
Zur Ornithologie von Perak. Joura. fiir Ornithologie, 1889,
pp. 379-407.
Hartert, E., and Butuer, A. L.:
Notes on Birds from Perak. Novitutes Zooloyicw, v.. pp. 506, 8.
Quoted as Hartert and Butler.
Butuer, A. L.:
Birds of the Larut Hills. Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiut. Soc.,
XxNil., pp. 9-31 (1899). Quoted as Butler.
Bowuote, J. L.:
On the Birds collected during the “Skeat Expedition” to the
Malay Peninsula, 1899-1900. Proc. Zool. Sor. London, 1901
(1), pp. 537-580. Quoted as Bonhote.
Harter, E.:
On Birds from Pahang, Eastern Malay Peninsula. Novitates
Zoologice, ix., pp. 537-580 (1902). Quoted asx Hartert.
OarLvie-Grant, W. R.:
Report on the Birds. Fasiculi Malayenses Zool., iii., pp. 65-123
(1905). Quoted as Grant (1).
OaILviE-Grant, W. R.:
Gunong Tahan Expedition, Report on the Birds. Journ. Fed.
Malay States Mua., tii., pp. 15-57, pls. ii, iti. (1908). Quoted
as Grant (2).
LIST OF BIRDS.
1, RHIZOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS—THE LONG-BILLED PARTRIDGE.
Rhizothera longirostris (Temm.): Grant, Cat. Birds Brit, Mua.,
xxil., p. 183 (1893).
CGinting Bidet, 2,300 fi. May, 1908,
Almost confined to bamboo jungle und uot ascending the hills to
more than about 3,500 ft. at the outside.
2, ARBORICOLA CAMPBELLE--CAMPBELIS TREE-PARTRIDGE,
Arboricola campbelli, Robinson and Grant, Ibis, 1905, p. 165, pl. iv. ;
id., Journ. Fed, Mal. States Mus., i., p. 126,
This very distinct Tree-partridge was originally described from a
pair collected in the Tel6m Valley on the borders of South Perak and
Pahang at about 3,800 ft. It has since heen found to be not uncommon
on Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Gunong Ulu Kali in Selangor at
heights of 4,500-5,200 ft., numerous specimens having been trapped in
these localities.
A half-grown bird differs from the adult in having the white
malar stripe more developed and the grey feathers of the breast and
sides of the abdomen broadly tipped with rufous ochraceous.
The nest and eggs were discovered on Gunong Mengknang Lebah
in March, 1907, on the ground beneath a small stemless palin. The
former is a loose pad of sticks and dead leaves very flat and about six
inches in diameter; the eggs, two in number, are pure white and
somewhat glossy with numerous small scattered pores; they are very
pointed at one end and measure A, 42x32 mm.; B, 42 x 31.5 mm.
3. ROLLULUS ROULROUL—THE CRESTED GREEN WOOD-QUAIL,
Rollulus roulroul (Seop.); Grant, Cat., p. 225; Hartert, p. 539;
Grant (2), p. 57.
Bukit Kutu, 3,000 ft. August; Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, 5,200ft. April.
T can detect no tangible differences between these specimens and a
pair collected in April at Tanjong Malim at the foot of the main range.
The species is common throughout the Western Malay Peninsula
with the exception of the swampy littoral belt.
168
1 POLYPLECTRON TNOPINATUS-ROUTUSCIILD'S PEACOCK PHEASANT,
Chaleurus inopinatus, Rothseh., Bull. B.O.C., xiii, No. xex., p. 41
(1908) : id., Nov. Zootl., x., pl. 11. (1903).
Polyplectron inopinatus, Grant (2), p. 55. . .
Very common both on the mountains above the Semangko Pass,
2,700-4,500 ft., and on Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Gunong Ulu
Kali, whence we have secnred a considerable number of specimens.
At the former locality the species breeds about January, as very young
specimens and clicks just emerging from the downy stage were
obtained towards the end of February.
2
5 RITEINIVARDTICS NIGRESCENS—THE OCELLATEND MALAY
ARGUS-PHEASANT,
Rheinwardtius ocellatus mgreseens, Hartert, Nov. Zool., ix., p. 538 ;
Grant (2). p. 56.
This species is only known from the three original specimens
obtained by Waterstradt, which came from the Ulu Dong in the Lipis
District of Pahang on the west side of the Pahang River, and the two
secured by myself at moderate elevations on Gunong Taban.
I do not think that it will ultimately prove to be confined to the
mountains and I believe that I have heard its call, which is quite differ-
ent from that of the common Argus, quite close to Kuala Lipis at
not more than 300 or 400 ft. elevation.
6. BUTRERON CAPELLEI-1WE LARGER THICK-BILLED GREEN PIGEON,
Butreron eapelle: (‘Lemm.): Salvad., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi.,
p. 32 (1893); Bonhote, p. 76; Hartert, p. 5389: Grant (1), p. 122.
One specimen was seen but not secured, flying through the Se-
mangko Pass in February, 1908.
7. SPITBNOCERCUS. ROBINSONI-THE MALAYAN WEDGE-TAILED PIGEON,
Sphenocereus korthalsi, Robinson nee Tenim., Journ. Fed. Malay
Stotes Mus., 1., p. 52 (1905).
Sphenocerens robinsoni, Grant, Bull, BLO.C.,, xix., No. exxvii., p. 12
(1906); id. (2), p. 53.
Two 2 specimens have been obtained in the vicinity of Ulu Kah,
5,000 ft., one of which is the female type of the species, It is distinctly
difficult to obtain, as it is by no means common and fhes very high
while the country it frequents is very broken. A specimen from
Gunong Jjau, Larut, 4,750 ft., shot on 12th September, 1908, is
marked g hy the native collector, but has no maroon whatever on the
shoulder or cinnamon on the under tail coverts, and is, therefore,
probably very immature or else a female. Wing 6.5 in., tail 5.1 in.
8, SPENOCERCHS, sp.
The Selangor Museum possesses two skins of a Spenocereus, which
probably represent a species allied to but distinct from S. sphennrus,
One, an adult female, was shot on the Semangko Pass on 16th
February, 1908; while another, an immature male in moult, was
obtained in Pulau Rumpia—one of the Sembilan Islands, off the mouth
of the Perak River—in March, 1906. Both have the centre of the
abdomen pure white, the under tail coverts pale chroine, broadly centred
with greenish olive, and the tail greyish black tipped with paler grey.
The male has the angle of the wing maroon and indications of a dove
grey collar on the hind neck. The base of the feathers on the side of
the neck is rufous. Wing of female about 5.9 in.
The species is almost certainly distinct, but until more specimens
are obtained I prefer not to describe it.
% TRERON NIPALENSIS—THE THICK-BILLED GREEN PIGEON,
Treron nipalensis (Hodgs.); Sulvad., Cut., p. 34; Grant (1), p. 122.
Semangeko Pass, Sclangor-Pahang border, 2,700 ft. February, March, 1904,
1908.
During February and March on dark and rainy nights, accompanied
by wind, this species often flies in numbers into the window of
the Rest House, which is situated in the middle of the pass with
steep hills on either side. On one evening in February, 1904, thirteen
were thus captured.
The species is abundant in the foot hills, especially when the kayw
ava, a variety of fig of which it is very fond, is in fruit.
10, OSMOTRERON OLAX—THE LITTLE GREEN PIGEON.
Osmotreron olax (Temm.); Grant (1), p. 121.
9. Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang border, 2,700 ft. 24th Febrnary, 1908.
Very common in the low country, but only accidental on the high
hills. The specimen enumerated above flew to light together with
Ptilinopus jambu.
N. PTILINOPUS JAMBU-THE YINK-HEADED FRUIT DOVE,
Ptilinopus jambu (Gim.); Salvad., Cat., p. 80; Hartert, p. 539.
269. Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang border, 2,700 ft. 24th February,
1908. .
Captured at light together with one female of Osmotreron olaz.
Sporadic throughout the Peninsula, but nowhere very common.
This species seems to perform local migrations at night; besides
the present specimens, I have heard of one caught at Government
House, Singapore, which is situated on an eminence about 200 ft.
above the sea.
12. CARPOPHAGA BADIA-THE COPPER-BACKED IMPERIAL PIGEON,
Carpophaga badia (Raffles); Salvad., Cat., p. 218; Hartert,
p. 589.
Ducula badia, Butler, p. 29.
This Pigeon is exceedingly common during the greater part of the
year along the ridges of the higher mountain ranges, where its loud
booming note is constantly heard in the early morning. During the
170
fruiting of certain trees it, however, descends to the low country and the
const, and specimens have been shot among the mangroves at
Tanjong Karang, Coast of Selangor (January): Dindings, Perak
Coast (May); and Rantau Panjang low country, Selangor (February).
18. MACROPYGIA LEPTOGRAMMICA—THE LARGER MALAY CUCKOO-DOVE,
Macropyygia tusalia, Shurpe (nee Hodgs.), P.Z.S., 1887, p. 443.
Macropygin leptogrammiea, Salvad., Cat., p. 841; Grant (2), p. 53.
Fairly common on Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Ulu Kah,
Selangor, above 5,000 ft., but known elsewhere only from one or two
specimens collected by Wray on the Larnt Hills.
1 MACROPYGIA RUFICEPS—THE LITTLE MALAY CUCKOO-DOVE,
Macropygia ruficeps (Temm.) : Sulead., Cat., p. 360: Butler, p. 30;
Hartert, p. 540; Grant (2), p. 53.
Very common throughout the central portion of the Peninsula from
the foot of the hills to over 5,000 ft., especially in the neighbourhood of
the hot springs which are not uncommon. I can detect no difference
whatever between specimens from 5,000 ft. and those from 200 ft.
13. CHALCOPHAPS INDICA--THE VWRONZE-WINGED GROUND DOVE.
Chaleophaps indica (Linn.); Salvad., Cat., p. 514; Butler, p. 30;
Bonh., p. 77; Hartert, p. 540; Grant (1), p. 120; id. (2), p. 53.
Fairly common throughout the hills, but more so at 2,000 ft. than
at higher elevations. Ranges up to 4,500 ft.
1 RALDINA SUPERCILLARIN. THE BANDED CRAKE,
Zallina superciliaris (Evton): Sharpe. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxin.,
p. 76 (1894) ; Grunt (1), p. 120.
Apparently visits the high monutains of Perak in winter; one was
trapped near the Telém River in November, 1908, two or three miles
from the locality whence a specimen was secured in Jannary, 1902.
WW. ACCIPITER GULARIS-THE MALAYAN BESRA,
Accipiter virgatus (Temin.); Butler, p. 29; Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., i., p. 150 (1874).
Accipiter gularis (Temm. and Schleg.) : Grant, Ibis, 1896, pp. 104
et seqg.
2. Gnnong Mengkuang Lebah, Selangor, 5,200 ft. 3rd April, 1905.
A single very adult male in fresh plumage has the npper parts
pure slate-grey ; throat stripe rednced to a mere hair line under parts
except throat, belly and under tail coverts which are pure white, rufous
sahinon: thighs rufous salmon. Wing 6.4 in., tail 4.8 in., tarsus 1.85 in.
This specimen may possibly represent a distinct mountain form
bearing the same relation to A. gularis that A. rufotibiulis, Sharpe,
from Kina Balu does to the typical A. virgatus. Tt differs from
A. rufotibialis in larger size and in the almost obsolete throat stripe.
V7
Ww, PERNIS TIWEEDALIT ATMS HONEY BUZZARD.
Pernis tweedalii, Hume, Stray Feathers, ix., pp. 446-448 ; id., op. ert.
x., p. 513 (1887).
2 ad. Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. 17th February, 1904.
? ad. Batu, nv. Kuala Lumpur. 6th January, 1900.
g imm. Maxwell’s Hill, Taiping, Perak, 3,600 ft. 8th September, 1908.
This bird is very common in the more jungly parts of the country,
but can only occasionally he got. It appears to he resident, whereas
the other Malayan species of the genus P. evistatus auct is certainly
migratory.
The two adult specimens agree well with Hume’s plate (loc. cit. sup.),
except that there is decidedly more black on the plumage of the lower
surface. he immature male has the under surface barred with rufous
buff and white; breast and upper part of the belly with dark brown
shaft stripes, more marked on the breast ; black throat and mousta-
chial stripes pronounced ; feathers of the sides of the neck broadly
edged with rufous ; crest black faintly tipped with white, lores grey.
€
1s, ICTINAETUS MALAY ENSIS-VHE BLACK EAGLE,
Ietinaetus malayensis (Rheinw.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
i, p. 257 (1874); Sharpe (2), p. 435 ; id. (3), p. 268.
Very fairly common in the high hills, especially in Larut, but
practically impossible to secnre except where there are large clearings.
I have seen it on almost every hill. I have spent more than a day or
two upon, Not often met with in the low country.
20, SPIZAETUN ALBONIGER BLYTIUS TAWK EAGLE,
Spizaetus alboniger (Blyth) ; Sharpe. Cat., p. 271: Butler. p. 20:
Grant (1), p. 114.
Very common on the Government Plantation on the Larut Hills,
Perak, where it is very destructive to chickens, and also met with
though more sparsely in the low country; much rarer in Selangor
and Pahang.
Spizaetus imnaetus (Horsf.), mentioned by Sharpe (2), p. 453, but
of which he did not examine specimens, is far more probably this
species.
21, HWETEROSCOPS VULPES-THE MOUNTAIN SCOPS OWL.
Pisorhina luciz, Hartert, p. 541.
Heteroscops vulpes, Grant, Bull. B.O.C.. xix.. No, cxxvui., p. 1]
(1906) ; id. (2), p. 51.
3. Gunone Mengkuang Lebah, 4,800 ft. 18th March, 1967.
$ imm. Semangko Pasa, 2,700-4,000 ft. 7th March, 1908.
The immature bird is ina dark brown, not rufous, phase of plumage
and is devoid of the whitish outer webs to the inner scapulars.
Probably by no means rare on the higher mountains, where the
hoot of a small owl is often heard, but not often obtained.
2, GLAUCIDIUM BRODIE THE COLLARED PIGMY OWLET,
Glaucidium brodiei (Burton) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., ii.
p. 212 (1875) ; id. (2), p. 484; Grant (2), p. 52. :
Fairly common on the Senangko Pass and also on the mountains
of South Perak.
23, SYRNIUM MAINGAYI-THE MALAYAN WOOD OWL,
Svrninm maingayi, Hume, Stray Feathers, vi, p. 27 (1878) ; Sharpe
(1), p. 470; Grand (2), p. 51.
¢@. Ginting Bidei, Sclangor, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.
A single specimen from the above locality agrees well with Sharpe’s
description of the type. Wing 13.5 in.
a. SERNIUM NEWARENSE-THE HIMALAYAN WOOD OW.
Syrnium newarense (Hodgs.); Sharpe, Cat., p. 281; id. (2), p. 484.
Besides the specimen cited by Sharpe (supra) from the Larut
Hills, I have examined another specimen from the Waterloo Estate
near Taiping, which agrees well with the specimen of S. maingayi
noted above. In all probability all the wood owls of this type from
the Malay Peninsula should be considered to belong to S. maingayi,
which is at best but a sub-species of S. indrani or S. newarense.
25, ALCEDO EURYZONA-THE BROAD-ZONED KINGFISHER.
Alcedo euryzona (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,xvii., p. 154
(1892): Hartert, p. 545.
Though I have never obtained a specimen, and though there are
none in the Selangor Museum, I insert this bird in the list, as we con-
stantly met with a single individual on the Semangko Pass in February,
1908, though it was so exceedingly wary that no one of our party was
able to obtain it. It was also not uncommon at Kuala Teku at the
foot of Gunong Tahan. ‘There is a specimen in the Perak’ Museum
from the vicinity of Taiping.
26, CEYN TRIDACTYLA—PALLA’S TYREE-TOED KINGFISHER.
Cevyx tridactyla (Pall.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 174.
Though abundant on deep jungle streains in the low country, birds
of this genus are rare on the hills. There are two specimens in the
Museum, immature and male adult, from the Semangko Pass, shot in
November and February, respectively.
2%, BUCEROS RHINOCEROS—THE RHINOCEROS HORNBILL.
Buceros rhinoceros (Linn.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
Xvil., p. 352 (1892); Butler, p. 26; Hartert, p. 548.
Common in hills and low country and old jungle, but very hard to
secure.
2s, DICHOCEROS BICORNIS-THE, HOMRAT HORNBILL.
Dichoceros bicornis (Linn.); Grant, Cat., p. 355: Butler, p. 26;
Banhote, p. 70; Grant (1), p. 108.
LT
_ Often seen from hill tops flying over the tops of the trees beiow, but
not often got. More abundant in the northern half of the Peninsula.
29, RHUYTIDOCEROS UNDULATUS—THE MALAYAN WREATHED HORNBILL.
Rhytidoceros undulatus (Shaw) ; Grant, Cat., p. 382.
3%. Gunong Uln Kali, Selangor, 4,800 ft. January, 1906.
Occasionally met with in flocks of up to ten or twelve individuals,
but rare.
30. ANORRHINCS GALERITUS—THE BUSHY-CRESTED HORNBILL.
Anorrhinus galeritus (Temm.); Grant, Cat., p. 891 ; Butler, p. 26:
Grant (2), p. 48.
Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. February, 1904, 1908.
Cinting Bidei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.
A characteristic hill bird, which, though not ascending very high
on the mountains, is not found in the plains; common in the above
localities.
31. BERENICORNIS COMATUS—THE LONG-CRESTED ,HORNBILL.
Berenicornis comatus (Raffles) ; Grant, Cat., p. 423.
We have no very recent or exactly localised specimens of this
magnificent Hornbill in the Selangor Museum. It is quite common in
the State, but keeps to very high jungle, feeds on high trees and flies
very high, and is, therefore, not an easy bird to procure. . Crossing the
Semangko Pass in a motor car in December, 1908, we observed near a
summit a flock of nine or ten adult and immature birds perched in a
tree near the road. They appeared quite undisturbed at our approach.
32. RHINOPLAX YIGIL—THE NELMETED HORNBILL.
Rhinoplax vigil (Forst.) ; Grant, Cat., p. 427; Butler, p. 26;
Grant (1), p. 108.
Also fairly common.
33. NYCTIORNIS AMICTUS~THE VERMILION-BEARDED BEE-EATER.,
Nyctiornis amictus (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xvi.
p. 90 (1893) ; Butler, p. 29; Hartert, p. 544; Grant (2), p. 49.
Common nearly everywhere, in fairly open jungle, up to about
3,500 ft. on the main range of the Peninsula, most abundant at from
1,000-1,500 ft.
34, LYNCORNIS TEMMINCKI-—GOULD'S FEARED NIGHT-JAN.
Tyncornis temmincki (Gould.) ; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.. xvi.
p. 606 (1892) ; Hartert, p. 544.
Not so common in the hills as in the low conntry, but generally to
he met with on the Semangko Pass, where its pecnliar note tect-ta-bu
is constantly heard.
$3. CAPRIMELGUS JOTARASTUB JUNGLE NIGIUT TAR.
Caprimulgus jotaka (Lemm, and Schleg.): Hartert, Cat.. p. 552 5°
Grant (1), p. 107.
Caprimulgus indicus jotaka, Butler, p. 28.
Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. February, 1908.
Telém, Perak-Pahang border, 3,500 ft. January and November.
Possibly resident throughout the year on the mountains. Tn the
lowlands and on the islands of the Straits of Malaeca it is met with
only in the winter months, when it is abundant.
36, COLLOCALIA INNOMINATA-HUME'S SWIFTLET.
Colloealia innominata (Hume) ; Hartert, Cat., p. 503.
Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boundary, 2,700 ft. February, 1904, 1908.
Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, Selangor, +,800-5,200 ft. March, 1907.
Very widely distributed thronghout the State of Selangor from the
mangrove swamps on the coast to the tops of the Inghest mountains ;
but. together with other species of Cypselidee, commonest at the
Semangko Pass.
These speeiinens may not impossibly represent C. gigas, Hartert,
collected by Butler on the Semangko Pass. At the moment I have
not access either to authentic specimens or to the description so prefer
to record them as C. innominata with the description of whieh they
perfectly agree.
37, COLLOCALEL LINCHI-HORSFIELI'S SWIFTLET.
Collocalia linchi (Horsf. and Moore); Hartert, Cat.. p. 508; Butler
-_
p. 27.
.
Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boundary, 2,700 ft. February, 1908.
Eqgualiy common with C. innominate at the above loeality, but not
el y
met with elsewhere in the State. Abundant on the Larut range near
Taiping.
B. CILETURA GIGANTEA—THE MALAYAN SPINE-TAIL SWIFT.
Chetura gigantea (Temm.); Hartert, Cut., p. 475; Butler, p. 27;
Grant (2), p. 46.
Very numerous, both at Ginting Bidei and at the Semangko Pass
in the early mornings and on cloudy afternoons during and after rain,
30, CILETORA INDICA-TME INDIAN SPENE-TATL SWIFT,
Chetura indiea (Hume); Hartert, Cat., p. 475.
A male shot lw Mr. A. L. Butler at the Semangko Pass in
November, 1900, has the loral spot clear white, while two other from
the same locality obtained in February and May have indications of
the same, though in one case they are very faint. The Perak Museum
also possesses a specimen of Ch. indica shot in the neighbourhood of
Taiping.
Tam inclined to think that, while Ch. gigantea is the resident form,
Ch. indica mierates south in winter, while possibly interbreeding also
°° . oD
takes place.
40, CILETUR.L COCIUNCHINENSIS—TIE INDO CHINESE SPINE “TAIL SWIFT,
Chetura cochiuehinensis (Oust.): Hertert, Cat, p. 491; ad, Lbis,
1896, p. 491.
Chetura klwesii (Buttik.) : Hurtert, Cut, p. 491 (synonym).
Semangku Pass, 2,700 ft. November, 1900, A, 1. Butler [e].
Ditto, Febrnavy, 1908.
This very distinct species differs frou the vther large Spine-tail
Swifts in its smaller size, wing 7.U-7.3 in., its smoke-grey throat,
clearly differentiated from the rest of the under parts and in having
the centre of the back pale whitish brown. It is by far the most abun-
dant species of its genus on the Semangko Pass, and is also known
from Larut, Perak.
M. CILETURA LECCOVLGLILIS TUE WIHUTK RUMPED SPLNE-TALL SWLET,
Cheetura leucopygialis (Blyth) : Hertert, Cat.. p. 490: Butler, p. 27.
?, Semangko Puss, 2,700 ft. May, Lov2,
Rare in Sclangor or perhaps easily overlooked. The above specimen
is the only one in the Selangor Museum. As noted by Butler, its
flight is not nearly so swift or direct as that of its larger congeners,
more resembling that of Collucalia.
2, CEPSELUS PACIFICUS—THE LARGE WHITE RUMPED SWIFT,
Cypselus pacifiens (Lath.) ; Hartert, Cut., p. 448.
Very common at the Semangko Pass in February, 1908, and
also at Kuala Lumpur during rainy, windy weather in October, 1907.
Hitherto its occurrence in the Peninsula has rested on a specimen c!
of the British Museum Catalogue obtained by Cantor in Penang.
48. TACMORNIS INFUMATA-THE WASTERN PALM-SWIET.
‘Tachornisinfumata (Sclat.) ; Hurtert, Cut., p.467; Grant (1), p. 107.
Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boundary, 2,700 ft. February, 1908.
Fairly connnen, but not so abundant as the two species of
Colloealia that fly with it.
Mt MACROPTERY NX LONGIPENNIS- THE CRESTED TREE-SWIE'T,
Macropteryx longipennis (Rafin.); Hartert, Cat., p. 514; Buller.
p. 28; Sharpe (8), p. 278; Grant (2), p. 47. ,
2. Bukit Kutu, Ulu Sclunyor, 3,000 ft. August, 1902.
2 2. Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boundary, 2,700 ft. I’ebimary, 1908.
Ranging as high as 5,000 ft. Maeropteryx comata (Temui.) has
not yet been met with at any elevation on the Selangor main
range, though coniuon among the foot hills.
176
45. MACROPTERYNX COMATA-THE TURTED TREE-SWIET.
Macropteryx comata (‘lemin.); Hortert, Cut., p. 617; Sharpe (3),
p. 278; Butler, p. 28; Hartert, p. 544; Grant (2), p. 47.
Only accidental on the hills, not ascending them nearly so high as
M. longipennis, but very common along their bases.
TROGONIDAs.
i. PY ROTROGON ERY THROCEPHALUS—-THE RED-HEADED TROGON,
Pyrotrogon (Harpactes) erythrocephalus (Gould.); Grant, Cut.
Birds Brit. Mus., xvii, p. 488 (1892); Sharpe (8), p. 280; Butler,
p. 28; Grant (1), p. 106.
Common on the main range of mountains from 3,000 ft. upwards,
but not met with as yet on Gunong Tahan.
Mi. PYROTRUGON NEGLECTUS—THE MALAYAN 'TROGON.
Harpactes diardi (Temim.); Grant, Cat., p. 432 (purtim ex Malaccu
und Sumatra).
Pyrotrogon neglectus, Forbes and Robinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus.,
ii. p. 84 (1900); Hartert, p. 544.
By no means common anywhere, except quite in the south of
the Peninsula. The Selangor Museum possesses specimens from low
elevations only.
48. PYROTROGON DUTAUCELI-THE RED-RUMPED TROGON,
Harpactes duvauceli (Temm.); Grant, Cat., p. 491; Sharpe (1),
p. 353; Budler, p. 23; Bonhote, p. 70.
‘Pyrotrogon duvauceli, Hartert, p. 544; Grant (1), p. 106.
Recorded by Butler (loc. ert.) from as high as 3,500 ft. on the
Larut Hills. Quite the commonest of the family in the low country.
40. PYROTROGON ORESCIUS—TUE YELLOW-BREASTED 'TROGON,
Pyrotrogon (Harpactes) orescius (‘emm.); Grant, Cat., p. 494;
Sharpe (3), p. 280; Grunt (1), p. 106; id. (2), p. 45.
9. Ginting Bidei, Sclangor, 2,300 tt. May, 1908.
By no means common and apparently inhabiting a somewhat
restrieted zone from about 2,000-4,000 ft.
CUCULIDA.
Su. SURNICULUS LUGUBRIS—THE DRONGO CUCKOO,
Surniculus lugubris (Horsf.); Shelley, Cut. Birds Brit. Mns.,
xix., p. 227 (189) ; Hartert, p. 544; Grant (1), p.106; id. (2), p. 45.
g ad. Semaugky Pass, Sclapgor-Pahang boundary, 2,700ft. February, 1904.
¢d ad. > ” m9 1908.
¢ pull. bm » 24th February, 1908,
The last-inentioned chick was found in the nest of a Flycatcher—
Cryptolopha butler’, Hartert—built under an overhanging bank, and the
177
male foster-parent was shot while in attendance. ‘The youngster
is clothed throughout with black feathers very broadly tipped with
white, less so on the back.
51. HIEROCOCCYN BOCKI-~WARDLAW RAMSAY’S HAWK CUCKOO.
Hierovoceyx bocki (Wardl.-Rams.); Shelley, Cat., p. 234.
I include this species in the Peninsular list on the strength
of w mounted specimen from the Larut Hills in the Taiping Museum,
which, Iam assured by Mr. Wray, the late Curator, was so identified
by Dr. Sharpe. H. spurcerioides also occurs in the winter months im
the low country.
52. ULEROCOCCYX FUGAN-HORSTTELD’s HAWK CUCKOO.
Hierococeyx fugax (Horsf.); Shelley, Cat., p. 286; Sharpe (2),
p. 442.
I have not myself met with this species in the Malay Peninsula, but
it was very abundant on Pulau Jemor—a simall islet in the Straits
of Malacca—in November, 1906, together with several other migratory
Cuckoos.
3. CUCULUSY POLIOUEPHALUS-THE SMALL CUCKOO,
Cuculus poliocephalus (Lath.); Shelley, Cut., p. 255; Blandford,
Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, ui., p. 209 (1895).
é ad. Gunong Ulu Kali, Selangor, t,800-5,800 ft. February, 1906.
® ad. Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boundary, 2,500 ft. February, 1908,
Shelley and Blandford (loc. eit. supra) both state that this species
is found in the Malay Peninsula, but I do not know on what
specimens their statement is founded. No recent collector has met
with the species, and there are no specimens from the Malay Peninsula
in the Hume collection in the British Museum. The species is almost
certainly a migrant remaining for a very short time on the mountains
of the Peninsula, as is the case with several other birds.
54 CACOMANTIS MERULINUS—THE RUFOUS-BELLIED CUCKOO,
Cacomantis merulinus (Scop.); Shelley, Cat.. p. 268; Bonhote,
p. 74: Hartert, p. 545: Grant (1), p. 105.
?. Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,800 ft. May, 1908.
Common in the low country from December to May, but not often
found in the hills.
53. CENTROPUS SINENSIS—THE CROW PILEASANT.
Ceutropus sinensis (Steph.); Shelley, Cat., p. 343; Bonhote, p. 74;
Grant (1), p. 105. er.
6. Ginting Bidci, Selangor, 2,300 ft. May, 19U8.
The Crow Pheasants in the Malay Peninsula are usually found in
waste ground or in stretches of country overgrown with coarse lalang
erass (Iniperatora koenig’). They are. therefore, not met with as a
175
rule ou tie hills. which are covered with primary jungle, but at Ginting
Bidei there happens to be a small patel of lalany, the site of a former
bungalow, in which this bird was shot.
3. RMOPUDYTEN TRISTIS=TNE LARGE GREEN-BILLED MALKOHA,
Rhopudytes tristis (Less.) ; Shelley. Cat., p. 886; Bunhole, p. 05;
Hartert, p. 545: Grané (1), p. 103.
or,
@. Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boundary, 2,700 ft. February, 1908.
Y. Telém, Batang Padang, South Perak, 3,500 ft. October, 1904,
3. . ss o November, 1908.
The form of Rhopodytes tristis inhabiting the mountams of the
Malay Peninsula is probably subspecifically distinct from the typical
race from India differing in its smialler size. Wing 5.9 in. against 6.5 in.,
tarsus 1.35 in. against 1.55. in. However, in the absence of specimens
for comparison of J?. tristis from India and the northern parts of the
Peninsula, where it is common in the lowlands, and of R. elongutus (8.
Mill.) from Sumatra, I prefer net to separate the present race, which
will probably be found te be intermediate between the two above-
mentioned speeies.
a. RUMOPODYTES SUMATRAN US—TITE SUMATRAN GREEN BILLED
MALKOILS.,
Rhopodytes sumatranus (Raftles): Shelley, Cat, p. 391; Hurtert,
p. 245; Grant (2), p. 48.
Common on Gunong Tahan up to about 4,000 ft. but not met with
ou other mountains at any elevation.
Ss. ZINCLOSTOMUS JAVANICUS-THLE LESSER RED-BLLLED MALKOHA,
Zauclostumus javanicus (Horsf.); Shelley, Cat., p. 380; Borhote,
p. 65; Hurtert, p. 545; Grant (1), p. 104; id. (2), p. £4.
6. Bukit Kutn, Ulu Selangor, 3,000 ft, Auguet, 1902.
?
g. Ginting Bidei, Selanyor, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.
Sparsely distributed from sea level te 5,000 {t., but commonest
about 3,000 ft. Usually inet with in bamboo jungle.
50 UROCOCOCYN BRYVYTHROGNATHUS—-THE GREATER RED BILLED
MALKOWA,
Urococevy erythrognathus (Hartl.): Shelley. Cat. p. 393, Bonhate,
p. 9: Grant (1). yn. TO-b: dd. (2), p. ab.
Bukit Kutn. Ulu Selangor, 3,000 ft. August, LuOZ.
Of only accidental oecurrence in the mountains.
CAPLITONIDA.
Wu. CALORIFAMPHUS UAVI-THE BROWN BARBET.
Calorhainphus hayi (J. E. Grev): Shelley, Cut. Birds Brit. Mus.
xix., p. 51 (1891): Buller, p. 25: Ifartert. pp. SAG; Grant (2), p. 45.
~
Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. May.
179
Very common in low country jungle, but becoming much scarcer M1
the mountains up to 3,000 ft., above which it does not occur.
61, CHOTORHEA CHRYSOPOGON—THE GOLD-WHISKERED BARBET.
Chotorhea chrysopogon (Temm.); Shelley, Cat., p.57; Butler, p. 25 ;
Bonhote, p. 72; Grant (1), p. 103; td. (2), p. 43.
Bukit Kutu, Selanyor, 3,000 ft. August, 1902,
Distribution snuilar to the preceding species, but much scarcer.
62, CHOTORHEA VERSICOULOR—THE MANY-COLOURED BARBET.
Chotorhea versicolor (Rattles); Shelley, Cat., p. 59; Grant (1),
p. 103.
Megalema versicolor, Shurpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 280.
Rare on the mountains und not abundant anywhere.
63. CYANOPS VOORTI-MULLER'’S BARBET.
Cyanops oorti (Miler); Shelley, Cul, p. 71; Butler, p. 25;
Hartert, p. 546; Grant (2), p. 49.
Megalema oorti, Sharpe (2), p. 442.
Common on the mountains of the main range from Northern Perak
to the Semangko Pass. Also on the Larut Hills and Gunong Tahan,
but not descending below 5,000 ft.
61. CYANOPS RAMSAVI-RAMSAY'S GOLDEN-THROATED BARBET.
Cyanops ramsayi (Wald.); Shelley, Cut., p. 70; Sharpe (2),
p. 442; Bonhote, p. 73; Hartert, p. 546; Grant (2), p. 48.
Distribution identical with the preceding.
63. CYANOPS MYSTACOPMANES—THE GAUDY BARBET,
Cyanops mystacophanes (Temim.) ; Shelley, Cut., p. 72; Bonhote,
p. 73; Grant (1), p. 102.
®. Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.
Also from Rantau Panjang in the Selangor low country, but much
comiouer in the northern parts of the Peninsula.
66. MESOBUCCO DUVAUCELI-THE CRIMSON-EARED BARBET.
Mesobucco duvauceli (Less.); Shelley, Cat., p. 85; Butler, p. 24;
Grant (1), p. 101.
Bukit Kutu, Sclangor, 3,000 ft. August, 1902.
Sporadic, but fairly common ia the low country wherever met with.
All six specimens before me have the car coverts strongly washed
with verditer blue. They need comparison with typical ML. duvauceli
and with M. cyanotis, which is only «a sub-species, from Tenasserim.
Mar',, 1909,
180
87. PSILOPOGON PY ROLOPHUS--THE FIRE-CTUPTED BARBET,
Psilopogon pyrolophus (5. Mill): SheWey, Cat, p. 98; Butler,
p. 24: Sharpe (1), p. 3522 7d. (2). p. 442: Grand (1), p. 101; id. (2),
p. 45.
Distribution similar to GC. verti aud remsayi, exeept that it does
not occur on Gunene Tahan and ranges lower down the hills to about
2.200 ft. Exceedingly common wherever met with.
INDICATORIDE.
Ww. INDICATOR MALAYANUS—THE MALAY MONEY GUIDE,
Tndicator archipelagiens (‘Temm.) : Shelley, Cut. Birds Brit. Maus.,
xix.. p. £ (1891) (partim.)
Indicator malayanus, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1878, pp. 794, 795 (Malacea) ;
Hume, Stray Feathers, viii. p. 155 (dang).
A single female specimen of a Honey Guide was shot in the viemity
of a bee’s nest at Ginting Bidei, 2,500 ft.. on 135th May, 1908. by one
vf the Museum collectors.
Like the type of the species from Malacca and Huime’s bird from
Klang, the present specimen lacks the yellow shoulder spot present in
both sexes of I. archipelugicus, so that the Peninsular form may well
he revarded as distinct under Sharpe’s naine f. imalayanus.
The bird before me, which is perfectly adult, agrees fairly well with
the type description, but has the breast stronyly washed with dull
vrevish and is decidedly small. Wang 3.4 in. against 3.9 in.
PICID.
O GECINUS RODGERI-RODGER'S GREEN WOODPECKER.
Gecinus chlorolophus, Haryitt, Cut. Birds Brit. Mus., xvul.. pp.
GU, 62 (part. speciinen v'’) (1890) ; Sharpe (2), p. 448.
Gecinus rodveri, Hartert and Butler, p. 508; Butler, p. 23; Grunt
(2), p. 42.
Common on the hills of the Peninsula from 3,000-5,000 ft.
from Larut to Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, but not on Gunong
Tahan. Numerous specimens are in the Selangor Museum from
Semangko Pass, Gunong Ulu Kali and Gunong Mengkuang Lebali.
™, GECINUS PUNICEUS OLSERVANDUS—THE CRIMSON-WINGED GREEN
WOODPECKER. ;
Gecinus puuiceus (Horsf.); Haryitt, Cul., p. U4; Sharpe (3),
p- 279,
Gecinus puniceus observandus, Harler!, Nov. Zool., iii., p. 542: ul,
fc. 1x., p. 547; Grant (1), p. 101; id. (2), p. 41.
Cumimon throughout the State, except in the mangrove swamps,
extending up the hills to about 3,000 ft., where it meets and is replaced
by the succeeding species.
There are specimens in the Selangor Museum from the Semangko
Pass and Ginting Bide, besides numerous lowland localities.
181
71. @BCINUS ROBLNSONI-THE BLACK-CAPPED WOODPECKER.
Geamus robinsom, Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xix., No. ¢., xxv, p. 10
(1906) ; id. (2), p. 42.
The types of this Woodpecker, whose nearest ally is Gecinus occipi-
talis which occurs in Tenasserim, were obtained on Gunong ‘Tahan
between 5,300 and 6,000 ft., and up to the present remain unique. The
species will, however, not improbably be found on the high mountains
in the vicinity of Temongoh, where the Kelantan, Perak and Pahang
frontiers converge.
72. GAUROPICOIDES RAPELESI-RAPVLE'S THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.
Gauropicoides rafilesi (Vig.): Haurgitt, Cut., p. 132; Greut (1),
p. 100; id. (2), p. 41.
A local species, not as a rule ascending the hills to any great cleva-
tion, and commoner in the southern half of the Peninsula.
73. GECINULUS VIRIDIS-THE GREEN BAMBOO PECKER,
Gecinulus viridis, Blyth; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Benyal, 1862, p. 341.
Huryitt, Cut., p. 1386 (1890); Robinson, Journ. Ped. Malay States Mu-
seunts, 11., p. 76, No. 306 (1908).
Ma.e.—General colour above golden olive green, yellower on the
sides of the oceiput and nape; crown of head and nape rich scarlet,
the feather greenish at their bases ; rump aud upper tail coverts flecked
with scarlet, beneath duller olive green ; primaries aud secondarics
dull brown; the outer webs margined with olive green, more broadly
on the secondaries, the inner webs with large white spots; axillaries
and under wing coverts dusky, with buffy white spots; tail feathers
blackish brown, the outer webs fringed with olive, and the inner
webs with buffy white spots; shafts black; iris chestnut; tarsi and
feet plumbeous green; bill livid bluish grey, whiter at the tip.
Fematy.—Sinular to the male, but with the crown and nape yellow-
ish olive.
ImMatTuRE.—Three very immature males from Ginting Bidei, shot
in April and May, have the whole under surface brownish black, greyer
on the throat and faintly washed with olive green on the belly and
flanks; upper surface olive green without the golden tinge of adult
birds; head greyish brown, the feathers broadly tipped with golden
olive, the occipital region more or less strongly washed with scarlet ;
the rump in all three specimens flecked with scarlet.
SpecIMENS Examinep.—Fifteen, Semangko Pass, 2,700-4,500 ft.
(February) ; Tanjong Malim, 500 ft. (April) ; Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft.
(April and May); ‘Telém, Perak-Pahang boundary, 3,800 ft.
(November).
This Woodpecker appears to be uot uncommon on the lower slopes
of the Selangor and South Perak Main Range throughout almost its
entire length, but seems hitherto to have escaped notice, which is
182
probably due to the fact that it is exclusively confined to dense
bamboo jungle which is almost nupenetrable and exceedingly un-
pleasant to collect in, owing to the immense number of large and
venomous mosquitoes whieh frequent it. The only other place within
Peninsular hmits, from which this species has been recorded, is
Jxossoum near Tongkah, so that the present localities are an extension
in range southwards of over 500 miles.
7h PYRRHOPICUS PORPHYROMELAS—THE MALAY BAY WOODPECKER,
Lepocestes porphyromelas (Boie): Huryitt, Cat., p. 382; Sharpe
(2). p. 443; Sharpe (3), p. 279; Grant (2), p. 40.
Has a very wide range in altitude from the swamp jungle near the
coast almost to the tops of the highest peaks of the main range, but
nowhere very common.
In habits it is sumlar to its congener, keepimg on or near the
«round. Found in every locality visited on the main range.
7. PYRRMOPICUS PYRRHOTIS—-THE RED-EFARED BAY WOODPECKER,
Lepocestes pyrrhotis (Hodys.); Hargitt, Cat., p. 380; Sharpe (3)
p. 20:
In the Malay Peninsula, this species, so far as is at present known,
is confined to the mountains of the main range above 4,000 ft. from
Telém in Batang Padang on the north to Gunong Mengkuang Lebah
to the south.
The Selangor Museum possesses specimens from the latter locality
and from the hills above the Semangko Pass, where the bird was not
uncummon, being found in fairly dense undergrowth, usually on fallen
timber.
is. MIGLYPTES TUKKI-THE BUFE-NECKED BARRED WOODPECKER,
Miglyptes tukki (Less.) ; Hargitt, Cai., p. 388; Sharpe (5), p. 279;
Butler, p. 24; Hartert, p. 547.
Very common up to 3,000 ft., but not higher.
7, MIGLYPTES GRAMMITHORAX-THE FULYOUS RUMPED BARRED
WOODPECKER.
Miglyptes grammithorax (Malh.) ; Hargitt, Cat., p. 385; Sharpe
(2), p. 443; Butler, p. 23; Hartert, p. 547.
Occurring with the preceding and about equally common.
8. MICROPTERNUS BRACHYURUS—THE MALAY RU¥OUS WOODPECKER,
Micropternus brachyurus (Vieill.); Hurgitt, Cat., p. 296; Sharpe
(3), p. 279; Bonhote, p. 72; Hartert, p.547; Grant (1), p. 99. id. (2),
p. 41.
Usually found near cultivation or in secondary jungle, feeding on
ants or tree termites, and rarely in high forest. A pair from the Se-
maneko Pass differ in no way from lowland birds.
183
7% CHRYSOPHLEGMA MALACCENSE—-THE BANDED RED WOODPECKER.
Chrysophlegma malaccense (Lath.) ; Hargitt, Cat., p. 122; Sharpe
(2), p. 442; Bonhote, p. 71; Grant (1), p. 100; id. (2), p. 41.
Chrysophlegma miniatus malaccensis, Hartert, p. 546.
Specimens are in the Selangor Museum from Telém, Perak-Pahang
boundary, 4,000 ft.; Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft.; and Gunong Angsi,
Negeri Sembilan, 2,600 ft. They appear indistinguishable from others
obtained in the low country at heights not exceeding 500 ft.
80, CHRYSOPHLEGMA WUMII-HUME’S GOLDEN-NAPED WOODPECKER.
Chrysophlegma humii, Harg., Cat., p. 126; Butler, p. 23; Hartert,
p. 546; Grant (1), p. 100; id. (2), p. 41.
Another low country and submontane form reaching 3,000 ft. on
the main range at the Semangko Pass, above which it is replaced by
C. wrayi. Found on Gunong Tahan at 3,000 ft. by myself and at
4,000 ft. by Waterstradt in the same locality, where, however, C. wrayi
does not occur.
81. CHRYVSOPHLEGILA IWRAYI-WRAYS GOLDEN-NAPED WOODPECKER.
Chrysophlegma wrayi, Sharpe; Hargitt, Cat., p. 150, pl. ii.: Sharpe
(3), p. 279; Bonhote, p. 71; Grant (1). p. 100.
This fine species of Woodpecker is confined to the mountains cf
the Peninsula and does not oeeur below 3,000 ft. It is not found on
the isolated range of Gunong Tahan, nor does it occur at Ginting
Bidei, Gunong Ulu Kali, being the most southerly *recorded locality.
Wherever met with it is a common species frequenting good-sized
jungle trees in pairs. It is very restless, and at the least alarm takes
to flight, emitting a harsh scream or yell sumilar to that of the English
Green Woodpecker (Gecinus viridis).
A female by dissection in the Selangor Musemm (189/08), shot on
the Semangko Pass on 25th February, 1908, is assuming the plumage
of the male, having the basal portions of the feathers of the chocolate
malar stripe lemon-yellow.
92. CHRYSOCOLAPTES VALIDUS—THE ORANGE BACKED WOODPECKER.
Chrysocolaptes validus (Temm.); Hargitt, Cat, p. 458; Bonhote,
p. 72; Graut (1), p. 99; id. (2), p. 99.
Rare on the mountains.
83. IZEMICERCUS SORDIDUS—THE GREY AND BUFF WOODPECKER,
Hemicerens sordidus (Eyton); Hargitt, Cat., p. 482; Hartert,
p. 547; Grant (1), p. 98.
An immature male obtained at Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft., in
October, 1907, appears to represent the maximum elevation at which
the species occurs in the Peninsula. It is fairly common in the low
country, especially m bamboo jungle.
o
184.
Si PICUMNUS INNOMINATUS-~THE SPECKLED PICULET.
Picumnus innominatus (Burton): Hargitt, Cat., p.550; Sharpe (2),
p. 443.
Vivia innominata (Burton) ; Butler, p. 24.
Three specimens obtained at a height of 4,500 ft. on the hills above
the Semangko Pass are the only ones obtained in the Malay Peninsula,
with the exception of the two recorded by Sharpe and Butler from
the Larut Hills. At elevations of from 3,000-5,000 ft. the species is
probably not very uncommon, but, owing to the fact that it frequents
the tops of high trees, is very difficult either to see or obtain.
83. SASL1 ABNORMIS EVERETTI—THE MALAYAN RUFOUS PICULET.
Sasia everetti, Hargitt, t.c., p. 559, pt. xv.; Hartert, p. 547.*
Sasia abnormis (Temm.) ; Sharpe (3), p. 279.
A submontane bird, widely but sparingly distributed throughout
the Peninsula up to about 3,000 ft. Found among low trees and
brushwood frequently, perching transversely on the boughs, not longi-
tudinally like other Woodpeckers.
I have followed Hartert in adopting the name of the Bornean
form for the species, which differs from the continental race in having a
somewhat larger and more robust bill.
An immature female from the low country near Tanjong Malim,
obtained in April, 1908, precisely resembles the figure of the type, an
unsexed specimen from Lumbidan, Borneo, obtained by Sir Hugh Low.
EURYLAMID/.
sb, CALYPTOMENA VIRIDIS-THE GREEN GAPER,
Calyptomena viridis (Raffles); Sclat., Cat. Birds Brit, Mus., xiv.,
p. 456 (1888); Hartert, p. 548.
Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.
Common everywhere in the low country, especially in old secondary
jungle. It does not appear to range far intothe mountains, and the
above elevation seems to be the greatest definitely recorded, though
Waterstradt’s birds from Gunong Tahan (Hartert, loc. cit.) ave labelled
2.000-5,000 ft.
sil. PSARISOMUS DALHOCSLE—VUK LONG-TAILED BROADBITLL.
Psarisomus dalhousie: (Jameson) ; Sclater, Cut., p. 458 (1888) ;
Butler, p. 23; Grant (2), p. 38.
Common on the Semangko Pass at about 3,000 ft., though on
Gunong Tahan it was met with as low as 500 ft. The only other
recorded localities in the Peninsula are the Larnt Hills, 3.500 ft., and
Telam, South Perak, 3,500 ft.
* Waterstradt is stated to have obtained the species on Gunong Tahan at from
5,000-7,000 ft., bat I think that some mistake has probably taken place in the Jabell-
ing. It was probably secured much lower down the range,
185
8&8 SERILOPHUS ROTHSCHTEDI-ROTHSCHILD'S BROADBILT.
Serilophus rothsehildi, MHartert and Butler, Bull. B.O.C., vii,
No. liv., p. 50 (1898); id., Nov. Zool., v., p. 508; Butler, p. 22; Robinson,
antea, p. 77, No. 381.
Mave.—Forehead and anterior part of the crown bluish grey,
darkening to dull brownish grey on the occiput and mantle ; back, rump
and upper tail coverts chestnut, duller on the back; starting from in
front of the eye and reaching as far as the hind neck a glossy black
superciliary streak, broadening posteriorly, the feathers somewhat
elongate; loral region dark grey ; ear coverts grey with a tinge of
brown ; a white ring round the eye; under surface silvery grey, bluish
on the breast and white on the centre of the abdomen and under tail
coverts ; tibial feathers glossy black ; tail feathers black, all but the two
centre pairs broadly tipped with white and with a narrow edging of white,
extending some distance up the outer webs; primaries glossy black,
the innermost narrowly tipped with chestnut on their inner webs with
a speculum of grevish blue on the outer webs, and another white one
on the inner webs, extending just beyond the shafts; the primaries,
secondaries and tertiaries broadly tipped with white which extends
some distance up the shafts, the white tips succeeded by an ill-defined
band of greyish blue; remaining primaries, with the terminal portion
of the shaft, white and very narrowly tipped with blue; secondaries
similar to the inner primaries, but a much broader band of chestnut on
the inner web: tertials chestnut, blackish basally ; wing coverts glossy
black, the lesser ones nlong the angle of the wing dark bluish grey ;
under wing coverts black; axillaries white.
“Tris greenish brown, mottled with golden specks; eyelid and
base of mandible for about + in. bright gamboge yellow; bill pale
bluish white, tip and lateral edges whitish ; fect pale greenish chrome ;
claws milky blue.”’-—(A. LZ. Butler).
Total length, 62 in. (158 mm.); wing, 3.5 in. (89 mm.) ; tail, 2.6
in. (65 mm.); tarsi, .75 in. (19 mm.); bill culmen, .62 in. (16 min.) ;
bill gape, .93 im. (24 mm.).
FemaLe.—Similar to the male, but with a gorget, mterrupted mesi-
allv, on the lower neck, formed by glistening white tips to the feathers.
Immaturn Mater (half grown).— Almost identical with the adult
male, but with the occiput browner and the chestnut on the tertials less
developed ; legs in dried skin pale yellowish, not dark greenish.
One of the most noticeable features in birds of this genus is the
curious form of the outer primaries, which are abruptly truncated at
the tip with the shaft extended for about + in., forming a sharp point.
SPECIMENS HExaminep.-—Five, Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,300 ft.
(May and November), from bamboo jungle.
Until these specimens were obtained in November, 1907, this very
beautiful species was known only from the three original specimens
obtained by Mr. Butler on the Larut Hills between 2,500 and 3,500 ft.
186
in February and Mareh, 1898. That it) has not been obtained
more frequently is probably due to the fact that it is largely confined
to bamboo jungle, which, as mentioned previously, is difficult and
unpleasant to collect in.
8, EURYL.EMUS JAVANICUS—HORSEFIELD'S BROADBILL.
Eurylemns Javanicus (Horsf.); Sclater, Cat., p.463; Hartert, p. 548.
Bukit Kutn, Ulu Selangor, 3,000 ft. Augnst, 1902.
Usually found on the foot hills, and not extending to greater eleva-
tion than the above.
90, CORYDON SUMATRANUS—THE DUSKY BROADBILL,
Corydon sumatranns (Raffles) ; Sclater, Cat., p. 466; Sharpe (3),
p. 278; Hartert, p. 548; Grant (2), p. 39.
Bukit Kutn and Semangko Pass, 2,700-3,500 ft.
Not found higher than the above limit, and much commoner on the
lower hills, 500-7,000 ft.
HIRUNDINIDA.
M. HIRUNDO GUTTURALIS—THE EASTERN SWALLOW.
Hirnndo gutturalis, Scop.; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x., p. 184
(1885) ; Sharpe (2), p. 442; Butler, p. 20.
Fairly common everywhere to considerable altitudes, especially in
the winter months when young birds are in the great majority.
MUSCICAPIDA.
0. MEMICHELIDON FULIGINOSA—THE SOOTY FLYCATCHER,
Hemichelidon siberica (Gm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., iv.,
p. 120 (pt.) (1879) ; Butler, p. 18.
The Sooty Flyeatcher occurs in migration in the mountains of the
Peninsula on migration, but is not abundant, and does not remain long.
Specimens are in the Selangor Museum from Semangko Pass, 3,000 ft.
(January): Bukit Kutu, 3.000 ft. (December): Tanjong Malim, 1,300 ft.
(April).
93. HEMICHELIDON FERRUGINEA—THE PFERRUGINOUS VPLYCATCHER.
Hemichelidon ferruginea, Hodgs.; Sharpe, Cat. p. 132; Butler,
p. 18; Hartert, p. 548; Graut (1). p. 95.
A migratory species like the preceding, but much commoner and
apparently making a longer stay if not actually resident. The Selangor
Museum possesses specimens from most localities visited on the main
range, dated from October to March, and Waterstradt collected it at.
from 2,000-5,000 ft. on Gunong Tahan, where I did not myself meet
with it in July. It has not vet been met with in the lowlands of the
Peninsula itself, but T secured one specimen on the Aroa Islands—a
small group of low islands in the Straits of Malacea, about 25 niles off
the Sumatran Coast—in November.
187
M4, ALSEONAN LATIROSTRIS—THE BROWN FLYCATCHER,
Alseonax latirostris (Rafiles) : Shgrpe, Cat.. p. 127; Butler, p. 19;
Grant (1), p. 94.
A winter visitor to the Peninsula. Specimens in the Selangor
Museum are dated from November to February.
9%. CYORNIS CONCRETA-THE WHITE-TAILED BLUE FLYCATCHER.
Pachycephala cyanea (Hume) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., viit.,
p. 224 (1883).
Niltava leucoprocta (Tweedd.) ; Sharpe (3), p. 272.
Cyornis concretus (Miill.) ; Hartert, p. 549; Grant (2), p. 37.
Another characteristic bird of the mountain bamboo jungle. TI
have before me seven skins from Ginting Bidei, collected in November
and May, and a single male from the Semangko Pass, shot in April.
Evidently a rare and local species, as besides these specimens only three
others on record from the Malay Peninsula. I regard the occurrence
of the species at as low an elevation as 500-1,000 ft. on Gunong
Tahan (Grant, loc. cit.) as purely accidental,
0, CYVORNIS MALAYVENSIS—THE MALAY BLUE AND CHESTNUT
FLYCATCHER,
Cvornis malayensis, anfea, p. 163.
39. Telém, Perak-Pahang boundary, 3,500 ft. November, 1908.
Will probably be found along the whole length of the main range
above 3,000 ft.
97, CYORNIS UNICOLOR JNFUSCATA—THE PALE BLUE FLYCATCHER,
Siphia unicolor infuscata (Blyth) ; Hartert., p. 215,
Siphia unicolor, Sharpe, Cat., p. 446.
Four specimens before me (¢ 2, Ginting Bidei, October and Mav ;
6, Bukit Arang, Selangor, 500 ft.; 9, Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft., June)
agree with Dr. Hartert’s remarks on the subject, in that the males are
of small size (wing, 76-87 mm.) and very brightly coloured.
98. CYORNIS TICKELLLE-TICKELL'S BLUE FLYCATCHER.
Siphia tickellie (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 447.
Cyornis tickelliz, Buéler, p. 18.
Fairly abundant at the Semangko Pass in February and at Ginting
Bidei in May. From the latter locality young birds in mottled plun-
age were obtained, so that the breeding season is probably in April.
99. NITIDULA HODGSONI-THE PIGMY BLUE FLYCATCHER,
Tarsiger hodgsoni (Moore); Sharpe, Cat., p. 258.
Nitidula hodgsoni, Butler, p. 18.
Two males shot on the hills above the Semangko Pass in February,
1908, and Butler’s specimen from 4,500 ft. on the Larut Hills are the
only records for the Malay Peninsula,
188
WwW ANTHTPES MALAVANA—TIHTE MALAY WHITE GORGETED
FLYCATCHER,
Digenea malavana, Sharpe (3), p. 247; Butler, p. 18; Grant (2),
p. 37.
Anthipes malayana, Sharpe (8), pp. 247, 272.
Distribution in the Peninswa as Muscicapula westermannit. Com-
mon above 4,000 ft. in low sernh.
101, NILTAVA GRANDIS DECIPIENS—THE MALAYAN NILTAVA.
Niltava grandis, Hodgs.; Sharpe (1), p. 351. id. (2), p. 4365 id.
(3), p. 272; Hartert and Butler, p. 507; Butler, p. 19.
Niltava decipiens, Salvad., Ann. Mus. Cir. Gen. (2), xii, p. 49
(1892); Grant (1), p. 94; id. (2), p. 37.
Niltava grandis decipiens, Hartert, p. 551.
Exceedingly common amongst low sernb on all the hills above
abont 3,500 ft.
102. ERYTHROMYVIAS IUELLERI-THE SWORT-TAILED FLYCATCHER.
Erythromyias muelleri (Blyth); Sharpe, Cat., p. 200; Hartert,
p. 551.
Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. October.
Semangko Pass, 2,700-4.500 ft. February.
This species occurs at low altitudes within a few miles of Kuala
Lumpur, and has also been found dead on the beach at Kuantan on
the East Coast (Pahang) after a heavy storm, so that it is not
impossibly migratory.
103, POLIOMYTAS LUTEOLA-THE ORANGE BREASTED FLYCATCHER.
Poliomyias luteola (Pall.); Sharpe, tc, p. 201; Grant (1), p. 94.
Bukit Kutu, 3,000 ft. November, 1898.
Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. November, 1900.
The two specimens recorded above, both collected by Butler, and two
adult males from Telom are very much more intense in colouration
than individuals of the same sex collected on Pulau Terutau—an island
off the West Coast of the Peninsula, about 80 miles north of Penang-—
in December, 1907.
104, MUSCICAPULA WESTERMANNI-THE LITTLE MALAY PIED
FLYCATCHER,
Muscicapula westermanni, Sharpe, P.ZS., 1888, p. 280; Butler,
p. 52; Hartert, p. 551; Grant (2), p. 38.
Fairly common on all the hills of the main range, on the Larut
tange and on Gunong Tahan, above 4,000 ft.. hut not descending lower.
189
105. MUSCICAPULA MALAY ANA-THE MALAYAN RUPOUS- BREASTED
BLUE PLYCATCILER,
Muscicapula malayana, Grant, Bull, B.O.C., xix., No. exxvii., p. 10
(1906) ; id. (2), p. 38.
Muscicapula hyperythra, Sharpe (3), p. 270; Hartert, p. 552.
The only locality in Selangor for this Flycatcher is Gunong Mene-
kuang Lebah, 4,800-5,200 ft., where itis common. The general distri-
bution in the Peninsula is the same as that of the preceding species,
except that the present form has not yet been met with on the Larut
Hills.
106, GERYGONE MODIGLIANIT—MODIGUIANTS FLYCATCHER.
Gerygone modighann, Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2), xi, p. 71
(1891); Hartert, p. 552
Gerygone pectoralis, Davison, Ibis, 1892, p. 99: Sharpe, Bull,
B.O.€., u., p. 7 (1892).
Two specimens only, are on record from the Malay Peninsula: the
type of G. pectoralis from the Coast of Pahang near Pekan, and Water-
stradt’s skin from Gunong Tahan, 2,000-5,000 ft.
107, CVANOPTILA BELLA-HAY'S FAIRY CLYCATCHER,
Xanthopygia cyanomelena (Temin.); Sharpe, Cat., p. 249.
Four birds--an adult, and two immature males, coliected hy Mr.
A. L. Butler on Bulat Kutu, Ulu Selangor, 3,000 ft., and an adult
male from Pulan Terutan, north of Penang, shot in March—appear
to be the only specimens of this migratory bird hitherto obtaimed in
the Peninsula.
0S, IYPOTHVMIS AZUREA-TUE AZURE FLYCATCUER,
Hypothymis azurea (Bodd.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 274; Hartert, p. 552 ;
Grant (1), p. 94: id. (2), p. 37.
Three thousand feet is about the superior limit of this species,
which is very comznon in the low country.
1, RITPIDUR.A ALBICOLLIS—THE WHITE THROATED FAN-TALL
FLYCATCHER,
Rhipidura albicollis (Vieill.) ; Sharpe, Cal., p. 317; Sharpe (2),
p. 485; Hartert and Buller, p. 507; Butler, p. 19; Grant (1), p. 92;
id. (2), p. 37.
Rhipidura atrata, Salvad., Anu. Mus. Civ. Gen., xiv., p. 208
(1879) ; Hartert, p. 552.
Common everywhere above 3,000 ft., but difficult to obtain in good
plunage.
Lt have followed Grant in not recognising R. «trata, Salvad.,
described from the mountains of Sumatra and based mainly on the
wider white tips to the tail feathers as distinct.
190
110. TERPSIPHONE AFFINIS—THE BURMESE PARADISE FLYCATCHER.
Terpsiphone affinis (Blyth); Sharpe, Cat., p. 349; Sharpe (3),
p. 270; Butler, p. 19; Hartert, p. 553; Grant (2), p. 37.
Adult. specimens in white plumage are in the collection from
Ginting Bidei, shot in May, and also numerous examples in the chestnut
g =e p
phunage, amongst which may be included 7’ incii, which, however, is a
migrant and does not probably occur in the Peninsula so late in the
spring.
About 3,500 ft. represents the superior limit of the species,
specimens having been obtained at that height at Telém in the Batang
Padang highlands, South Perak.
lll. PHILENTOMA VELATUM—THE MAROON-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.
Philentoma velatum (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat., p. 365; Sharpe (3),
p. 271; Hartert, p. 553; Grant (2), p. 36.
Bukit Kutu, August, and Ginting Bideci, May.
Not met with above 5,500 ft.
1122. PHILENTOMA PYRRHOPTERUM—THE CHESTNUT-WINGED
FLYCATCHER.
Philentoma pyrrhopterum (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat., p. 866; Sharpe
(3), p. 271; Hartert, p. 553.
Ginting Bidei. October.
Altitudinal range as in the two preceding species.
113. RUINOMYIAS PECTORALIS—SALVADORD’S FLYCATCHER.
Rhinomyias pectoralis (Salvad.); Sharpe, Cat., p. 368; Hartert,
p. 553; Grant (2), p. 35.
Specimens from Tanjong Malim, South Perak, at the foot of the
main range are in the Selangor Museum.
14, CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS—THE GREY-HEADED FLYCATCHER,
Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swains.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 369; Sharpe (3),
p. 271; Butler, p. 19; Hartert, p. 553.
Bukit Kutu, Semangko Pass and Ginting Bidei.
A submontane bird, rare in the low country, but not ascending the
hills to more than 3,000 ft.
M3. CRYPTOLOPHA TRIVIRGATA-STRICKLAND'S FLYCATCHER WARBLER.
Cryptolopha trivirgata (Strickl.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 396; id. (2),
p. 435; id. (3), p. 271; Hartert, p. 553; Grant (2), p. 36.
Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, 4,800-5,200 ft.
Not asa rule below 4,000 ft., but fairly common on most mountains
above that elevation.
len
lig. CRYEPTOLOPILE BUTLERI-BUTLER'S FLYCATCHER WARBLER,
Cryptolopha butleri, Hurtert, Bull. B.O.C., vii., No. liv. p. 50
(1898) ; id., Ibis, 1898, p. 435; id., Nov. Zool., v., p. 508 (1898).
g,2 9. Semangko Pass, 3,000-4,000 ft. February, 1898.
The type specimen was collected on Gunong Tjau on the Larut
Range at about 4,000 ft, and remained unique until the above three
specimens were obtained. The nest was also secured among roots and
rubbish beneath an overhanging bank at the side of a path ; it was the
usual deep cup-shaped structure characteristic of the smaller Fly-
catchers and contained a nestling of the Drongo Cuckoo (Suruiculus
lugubris). The male parent was shot in the immediate vicinity of the
nest.
U7. CRYPTOLOPH.L DAVISONI—DAVISON’S FLYCATCHER WARBLER.
Cryptolopha davisoni, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 271; Grant (2), p. 35.
Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, 4,800 ft. March, 1907.
In company with C. trivirgata, but much rarer.
lis, ABRORNIS SCUIWANERI-THE BAMBOO FLYCATCHER WARBLER,
Cryptolopha schwaneri (Blyth); Sharpe, Cat., p. 403; td., in
Whitehead’s Kinabalu, p. 214 (1892).
Semangko Pass, 3,000 ft. February; Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. October and
May.
Common in bamboo jungle in the above localities, but hitherto
overlooked.
The main distinction between this species and the closely allied
Abrornis superciliaris from Tenasserim lies in the greyish black, not
brown lores, and in the greater extent of the grey crown.
The specimen of A. superciliaris in the British Museum referred to
by Oates (Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, i., p. 430) requires re-examination.
If the identification is correct, there is probably some mistake in
locality as it is in the highest degree unlikely that any bird of the
genus occurs in the island.
a. STOPAROLA THALASSINOIDES—THE MALAYAN VERDITER
FLYCATCHER,
Stoparola thalassinoides (Cab.); Sharpe, Cut., p. 439; id. (3),
p. 271; Hartert, p. 553.
1 g. Semangko Pass. February, 1908.
Apparently somewhat rare and local in the Malay Peninsula. The
only other specimens in the Selangor Museum are: one shot by Mr.
A. Ju. Butler at Kuala Lumpur in March, 1900, and one from Tel6m,
November, 1908.
192
CAMPOPHAGID A.
0, ARCAMIDES LARUTENSIS THE MOUNTAIN CUCKOO SHRIKE,
Artaiides larutensis, Sharpe. P.Z.S., 1887, p. 435.
Graucalus larttensis (Sharpe): Butler, p. 18: Hartert, p. 504;
(rrant (2), p. do.
Fainly conimon, replacing G. suwatrensis (S. Mall.) above 5,000 ft.
Ih LALAGH CULMINATA
Lalage culminata (A. Hay); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 1v.,
p. 104 (1879); Bull. B.O.C., 1., No. 2, p. vii. (1892).
Campophaga minor, Davison, bis, 1892, p. 99.
Talage fimbriata culminatus, Hertert, Nov. Zool, ix.. pp. 5
do” (1902).
=
Or
a
Gunoug Tahan.
122. PERICROCOTUS FLAMMIFER-DAVISON'S SCARLET MINIVET,
Pericrocotus flammiufer, Hume; Sharpe, Cat., p. 74; Butler, p. 17;
Grant (1), p. 90.
Very comnion on the Semangko Pass up to 3,000 ft., but very
rare in the low country, where, however, it is occasionally met with.
13. PERICROCOTUS FRATERCULUS—THE BURMESK SCARLET MINLVET.
Pericrocotus fraterculus, Swinh.; Sharpe, Cat., p. 73 (1870).
Pericrocotus speciosus fraterculus, Butler, p. 170; Hartert, p. 555.
The specimens from Gunong Tau, 1,500-3,500 ft., and Gunong
‘Tahan, 3,000 ft., are the only ones from the Malay Peninsula, with
which I am acquainted; I have not met with the species myself, nor
is it represented in the Selangor, Perak or Singapore Museums.
121. PERICROCOTUS MONTANUS-WRAY'S MINIVET.
Pericrocotus montunus, Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xiv., p. 205
(1879) ; Hurtert, p. 554; Graut (1), p. 91; id. (2), p. 34.
Pericrocotus wrayi, Sharpe (3), p. 269, pl. xv.; Butler, p. 17;
Bouhote, p. 60.
Exceedingly conunon on all the Selangor mountains above 3,000 ft.,
becoming scarcer above 4,500 ft.
PYCNONOTID:.
3. -ETHORIYNCHUS LAFRESNAYEI-TME GREAT LORA,
Asthorhynehus lafresnayei (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
vi., p. 14 (1881); Grant (1), p. 88.
Bukit Kutu, 3,000 ft., and Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft.
Not very rare in certain localities, but seldom procured, as it keeps
to the tops of fairly high trees. There is a series of six specimens in
the Selangor Museum, including lowland Jocalities close to Kuala
Duunpur.
LOS
6. CHLOROPSIS MARDWICKIT-THB ORANGH-BELLIED GREEN BULBUL,
Chloropsis hardwicki, Jard. and Selby.; Sharpe, Cut., p. 18;
(rrant (1), p. 89.
Semangko Pass, Gunong Ulu Kali and Gunoug Meugkuang Lebah.
Fairly abundant in the above localities, usually not below 4,000 ft.
In Perak it occurs on the Larut Hills and in the Batang Padane
Highlands at similar elevations. It has not yet been collected on
Gunong Tahan, but doubtless occurs there.
27. CHLOROPSIS ZOSTEROPS—THE MALACHITE-SHOULDERED |
GREEN BULBUL.
Chloropsis zosterops, Vig. : Sharpe, Cul., p. 24; Grant (2), p. 33.
Chloropsis viridis viriditectus, Hartert, Nov. Zool., 1x., pp. 212, 557
(1902).
Mr. Butler collected a pair on Bukit Kutu, 3,000 ft., in November,
1898, but it has not since been met with on the mountains in Perak
and Selangor. It occurs up to 3,300 ft. on Gunong Tahan.
Ws, CHLOROPSIS ICTEROCEPUALA—-THE YEULLOW-HEADED
GREEN BULBUL,
Chloropsis icterucephala (Less.); Sharpe, Cut., p. 30; Butler, p. 14;
Hurtert, p. 557.
Semangko Pass and Ginting bidei.
Not reaching more than 3,000 ft. The commonest species of the
Genus in the Malay Peninsula.
29, CHLOROPSIS CYANOPOGON—THE BLUE-WHISKERED
GREEN BULBUL.
Chloropsis cyanopogon (‘Temim.); Sharpe, Cut, p. 32; Hurtert,
p. 997.
Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908. ,
The range of this species is similar to C. icterocephalu, but it is
decidedly scarcer.
130, IRENA CYANEA-THE MALAYAN FAIRY BLUE BIRD.
Irena cyanea, Begbie ; Sharpe, Cut., p. 179; Butler, p. 14; Harteit,
p. 567; Grant (1), p. 88; id. (2), p. 33.
Very common at low elevations, becoming searcer on the hills and
disappearing at 3,000 ft.
131, HEMIXUS CINEREUS—THE ASHY BULBUL,
Heimixus cinereus (Blyth); Sharpe, Cat., p. 52; Bonhote, p. 61;
Hartert, p. 557; Grant (1), p. 88; éd. (2), p. 82.
Common on almost every mountain visited in the Malay Peninsula
from Bukit Besar (2,500 ft.) near Patani in the north to Mount Ophir
in the south.
194.
The types of the species and of Tole terricolur, Hume, founded on
worn specimens are stated to have come from near Malacca, but are
probably from the slopes of the Mount Ophir. The species is, however,
said to occur near sea level in Johore. Its superior limit is about
4,200 ft.
Ib. WEMINUS MALACCENSIS—THE STREAKED BULBUL.
Hemixus malaccensis (Blyth); Sharpe, Cut., p. 52; Hartert,
p. 599; Grant (1), p. 88; id. (2), p. 33.
Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. October.
Decidedly rare north of Malacva on the W. Coast, the above speci-
men being the only one I have seen from Selangor. Common on
Gunong Tahan.
133, JOLE OLIVACHA—-THE OLIVE GULBUL.
Tole olivacea, Blyth; Sharpe, Cut., p. 55: Butler, p. 15; Hartert,
p. 958; Grant (1), p. 87.
Ginting Bidei, 2,800 ft. May, 1908.
Not found on the mountain beyond 2,500 ft., but fairly numerous
in thick jungle on the foot hills. The specimens before me (seven in
number) are very typical and show no approach to Tole virescens, which i
has been recorded from Tonka in the north of the Peninsula.
13h. TOLE PERACENSIS—THE MOUNTAIN STREAKED BULBUL,
Iole tickelli peracensis, Hartert and Butler, Nov. Zool., v., p. 506
(1898) ; Butler, p. 15; Hartert, p. 558.
lole peracensis, Gravt (1), p. 87; id. (2), p. 32.
lole tickelli, Sharpe (2), p. 437; Bonhole, p. 61.
Very common on most inountains above 2,500 ft. Does not occur f
south of Selangor.
135, MICROPUS MELANOLEUCUS—-THE BLACK AND WHITE BULBUL.
Microtarsus melanoleucus (Eyton); Sharpe, Cut., p. 69; Grant
(2s 32"
A single specimen was collected on Bukit Kutu by Butler in
November, 1898. It has been met with on Gunong Tahan as Ingh as
6,000 ft., and is common on the Sclangor Coast throughout the year.
136, CRINIGER TEPHROGENYS-THE LOWLAND CRESTED BULBUL.
Criniger tephrogenys (Jard. and Selby.); Sharpe, Cat., p. 71,
foot-nole; Hurtert, p. 558; Grant (1), p. 86; id. (2), p. 31.
Ginling Bidei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.
Common from the sca coast to about 2,500 ft., above which its place
is taken by C. ochraceus (Moore). F
195
137, CRINIGER OCHRACKEUS—THK UPLAND CRESTED BULBUL,
Criniger ochraceus, Moore; tv Horsf. and Moore, Cat. B. Mus.,
HH. I, Co., i., p. 252; Hartert, p. 559; Grant (2), p. 35.
Criniger gutturalis, Sharpe, Cat., p. 80; Butler, p. 24.
Criniger sordidus, Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxi, p. 320
(1900).
Fairly common from 2,000-4,000 ft., replacing the lowland C.
tephrogenys, but found at sea level on Pulau Langkawi, north of
Penane.
18. CRINIGER FINSCHIE-FINSCIVS BULBUL,
Criniger finschn, Salvad.; Sharpe. Caé., p. 84. pl vi, tig, 1;
Hartert, p. 660.
Normally a low country form. The Selangor Museum possesses
specimens from the viemity of Kuala Lumpur and from Tanjong
Malim, Perak. Met with by Waterstradt on Gunong Tahan from
2,000-5,000 ft.
139, TRACHYCOMUS OCHROCEPIALUS—THE YELLOW CROWNED BULBUL.
Lrachycomus ochrocephalus (Gin.); Sherpe, Cat., p. 93; if. (3),
p. 272.
Though this bird is exceedingly conunon on the banks of the big
rivers, it is never, so far as my experience goes, met with im deep
jungle. There is, therefore, probably some mistake in the labelling of the
specimen recorded by Sharpe as from the Bataug Padang mountains.
10, ALOPHOIXUS PILEOCEPHALUS—THE CRESTLESS WHITE-THROATED
BULBUL.
Criniger plheocephalus (Hartl.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 74
Alophoixus pheeocephalus (Hartl.); Faun. Brit. Ind., 1, p. 259
(1889) ; Hartert, p. 560.
Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. October, 1907.
Somewhat local and not extending far up the hills.
WW, PRICHOLESTES CRINIGER—THE UWAIRY-BACKED BULBUL,
Tricholestes criniger (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 89: Butler, p. 14:
Hartert, p. 560; Grant (A), p. 86; td. (2), p. 31.
Bukit Kutu and Ginting Bidei.
Common; found as igh as 3,000 ft.
M2. PYCNONOTUS FINLAYSONI-VINLAYSON'S STRIPE THROATED BULBUI,
Pycnonotus finlaysoni, Strickl.; Sharpe, Cat., p. 144; Butler,
p. 15; Bonhote, p. 62; Hartert, p. 560; Grant (1), p. 85.
One specimen from Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft., another from
Tanjong Malim at the foot of the main range, and a third from
Kuala Lumpur are the only records of this species from the State
of Selangor. North of the latitude of Taiping it is very abundant,
probably extending somewhat further to the south on the East Coast.
It is stated to be common in Malacca, whence Hume's collectors
obtained numerous specimens.
éfar,, 190),
196
M38. PYCNONOTUS SIMPLEX—MOORK'S OLIVE BULBUL.
Pyenonotus simplex (Less.); Sharpe, Cat.. p. 153, pl. ix., Butler,
p. 15; Bonhote, p. 62; Hartert, p. 560; Grant (1), p. 86; id. (2), p. 31.
Ginting Bidei. May, 1908.
Common everywhere in secondary and old jungle up to 3,000 ft.
Iss, OTOCOMPSA FLAVIVENTRIS—TILE BLACK-CRESTED YELLOW BULBUL,
Otocompsa flaviventris (Tick.) ; Sharpe, Cut., p. 161; Butler, p. 14.
Sparsely distributed above 2,000 ft. Specimens are in the Selangor
Museum from Bukit Kutu, Semangko Pass and Ginting Bidei.
145. RUBIGULA CYANIVENTRIS—THE GRUEY-BELLIED BULBUL.
Rubigula cyaniventris (Blyth) ; Hartert, p. 561; Grant (2), p. 31.
Pycnonotus cyaniventris (Blyth) ; Buéler, p. 15.
Bukit kntu, 8,000 ft. August, 1902.
Common in the lowlands and up to 3,000 ft.
146. RUBIGULA WEBBERI~THE SCALY-BREASTED BULBUL,
Rubigula webber: (Hume); Sharpe, Cat., p. 171; Hartert, p. 561;
Grant (2), p. 31.
Bukit Kutu, 3,000 ft. August, 1902.
The above specimen is the only one I have seen from the western
Federated Malay States.
TIMELUDA.
i, GAMPSORIYNCHUS SATURATIOR—TUE WIWTE-HEADED SHRIKE
BABBLER.
Gampsorhynchus saturatior, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 273; Butler,
p. ll: Grant (1), p. 83.
Semangko Pass, 2,400-3,00U ft.
This species is only known from the type procured by My. Wray
in the Batang Padang highlands in South Perak, and the very
numerous specimens obtained by Mr. Butler, myself and the collectors
of the Selangor Museum at the Semangko Pass, where the bird is very
common, It is generally seen in early morning or evening high among
the bamboos, and is very active and restless in its habits. The zone it
inhabits is very limited, and I have never seen it above 3,000 ft.,
nor much below 2,400 ft.
Is. HOPETES MACROCERCUS—TIU MALAYAN EUPETES,.
Kupetes macrocercus (‘Temm.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vii.,
p. 338 (1833); Hartert, p. 561: Grant (2), p. 30.
Semangko Pass and Ginting Bidci.
A bird that seems to be very rarely met with, uow that the days of
the old Malacca plumage hunters are a thing of the past. I have
Vor
never seen the bird myself, but my Dvak hunters tell me it runs about
on the ground among fallen timber like a Pitta. Tt has not been met
with above 3,000 ft.
M9, TROCILALOPTERON PENINSUL-E-TME MALAY LAUGHING THRUSH,
Trochalopteron peninsule, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 436, pt. xxxvil. ;
Hartert and Butler, p. 506; Butler, p. 11; Bonhote, p. 63; Hartert,
p. 562; Grunt (2), p. 30.
Common on all the peaks of the Peninsula Main Range, south to
Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, and also on Gunong Tahan ; not so com-
mon on the Larut Range from G. Inas to the hills above Taiping ; not
asa rule found below 3,500 ft. A bird with a pleasant clear whistle
usually met with in parties of four or five on low trees and bushes,
sometimes nearly on the ground. Peculiar te the Peninsula.
150, POMATORHINUS BORNEENSIS—CABANDS SCIMITAR BABBLER.
Pomatorhinus borneensis (Cab.); Sharpe, Cat., p. 411; Hurtert,
p. d6l.
Ginting Bidei. November, 1907,
Not rare on the lower hills of the southern portion of the Malay
Peninsula up to about 2,500 ft. Waterstradt obtained it on Gunong
Tahan at 4,000 ft.
15. POMATORINNUS WRAYT-WRAY’S SCIMITAR BABBLER.
Pomatorhinus wrayi, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 4387; Butler, p. 11;
(rrant (2), p. 30.
Sparingly distributed on mountaims above 4,000 ft. as far south
as Gunong Mengkuang Lebah.
132. MELANOCICHLA LUGUBRIS—THE BLACK BABBLING THRUSH.
Melanoeichla lugubris (8S. Mill.) ; Sharpe, Cat. p. 451; Grant
(1), p. 84.
Melanocichla peninsularis, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 274.
Hitherto only found on the mountains of the main range from
Batang Padang in South Perak to Gunong Mengkuang Lebah in
Selangor at altitudes of from 3,400-5,000 ft. Usually on low trees
or among fallen timber near the ground in parties of from three to
seven.
133, RUINOCICHLA MATRATA-VHE CHESTNUT CAPPED BABBLING
THRUSH,
Rhinocichla nutrata (S. Mill.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 452 (1883); .,
P.ZS., 1886, p. 352; 1888, p. 274; Butler, p. 11; Bonkote, p. 63;
Hartert, p. 562; Grant (1), p. 84; td. (2), p. 562.
Common on nearly all the bigh mountain in Selangor above 3,000 ft.,
though apparently rare on Gunong Tahan, where I did not procure or
see it, and where Waterstradt only got two specimens.
198
154. TURDINUS ABBOTTI-ABBOTY’S BABBLER.
Turdinus abbotti (Blyth); Sharpe, Cat., vii., p. 540 (1883); Grant
(2), p. 29:
Turdinus abbotti olivaceum (Stniekl.); Butler, p.12; Hartert, p. 562.
A single specimen from Ginting Bidei marks the upper range of
this species.
A very common bird in the low country, usually found in parties of
three or four among low buslhies in secondary jungle. It is at first
sight easily confused with the succeeding species, which is fuund in
company with it. Indeed until Mr. Boden Kloss pointed out the
niistake, the whole of the series of both species in the Selangor Museun
had been registered under the above name.
On careful examination certain marked differences present them-
selves by which the two species can be at once differentiated ; as the
table of dimensions shows T. abbotti is a larger bird than TZ’. sepiarius
with noticeably longer tail and coarser bill, though the tarsus is
slightly longer in the latter. The colour of the upper surface is richer
and darker in 7. sepiarins, the head being slightly darker than the
rest of the upper surface. In addition there is a distinct grey super-
cilium, which is quite absent in 7. abbotti. In the latter, the feathers
vf the head, more noticeably of the mantle, have pale shaft stripes,
which is not the ease in 7. sepiariue.
153. TURDINUS SEPIARIUS—HORSFIELD'S BABBLER.
Curdinus sepiarius (Horsf.); Sharpe, Cat., p. 544; id., P.ZS.,
1888, p. 275; Hartert, p. 563.
Ginting Bidei. October and May.
Also near Kuala Lumpur.
TABLE OF DIMENSIONS.
Turdinus abbotti.
Locality. Sex. Wing. Tail. Culmen. a Jarsus.
gape.
min. Thi. mim. mm. nr.
Cheras, Selangor (8-5-'08) g ad. 71 59 19 22 25
7 (22-5-°08) g .. 74 53 19 23.5 2p
# r d 72 D7.5 19 23 24.7
Kuala Lumpur (February,
Yay). Py we 0D 5 20.20 24.5 26
Tanjong Karany, Selangor
Coast (16-]-’08) we Oo (05 GbF 20 25 25
Cheras, Selangor (14-5-"08) J ,, ae 58 1 ee
Ginting Bidei, Selangor,
2.500 ft. (1-11-07) 0. Fo 8 03.9 20.9 25 25
Malacea (trade skip) —... ae oo 20 23 2a
Kuala Tembehing, Pahang
(September, 1907)... G ies oh M5 2a whi
i)
Turdinus sepiurins.
Bill
Locality. Sex, Wing. Tail. Culneu. from Tarsus.
. gape.
mim, mn. mm. mm, mm,
Nr. Kuala Lumpur, Selan-
gor (8-707) @ 67 445 18 21 2%
7 , gg 68 48 17.5 20 26.5
» (9-7-'07) 9 71 44 18 20 26.4
PP (7-7-'07) 9 69 4] (worn) 18 21 245
Ginting Bidei, Selangor,
2,300 ft. (26-1007) 71.5 48 18.5 20. 6
; (31-10-07) 71.5 49 18.5 2) 27
(9-508) g 68 49 17.5 21 25.5
156, TURDINUS MACRODACTYLUS—STRICKLAND'S BABBLER.
Turdinus macrodactylus (Strickl.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 548 (1883).
North of the latitude of Malacca, this species does not appear to be
a very common bird, and the Selangor Museum possesses but few
recent specimens, three from Ginting Bidei, and another from the Batu
Caves near Kuala Lumpur.
157. TURDINUS LORICATUS—MULLER’S BABBLER.
Myiothera loricata, Mill, Tijdschy. Nat. Gesch. Amsterd., 1835,
p. 348.
Turdinus marmoratus, Wardl.-Rams., P.Z.S., 1880, p. 15.
Turdinus loricatus, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vii., p. 550 (1883);
Robinson, Journ. Fed, Mal. States Mus., iti., p. 79; No. 446 (1907).
ApuLt FemaLe.—General colour above rufous brown, the feathers,
except those of the rump, obscurely edged with black, less markedly so
on the head and lores ; throat white, the feathers narrowly tipped with
black, the black tips much broader on the malar region; ear coverts and
a large patch on each side of the neck bright russet chestnut; breast
and centre of the abdomen greyish black, each feather broadly and
irregularly barred and tipped with white; flanks, thighs and under
tail coverts russet brown, the latter faintly tipped with whitish bnff ;
primaries dull brown, more rufous on the outer webs; tail rufous
brown; under wing coverts brown with paler margins: iris chestnut ;
bill and tarsi black.
Total length, 8.4 in.; wing, 3.9 in.; tail, 3.2 in.; culmen, .85 in. ;
tarsus, 1.4 in.
ImMaturRE FEMALE.—Similar to the adult, but with the feathers of
the head, hind neck and mantle with rufous shaft stripes, broadening
towards the tips of the feathers.
SPECIMENS EXaMINED.—One adult female from Ginting Bidei,
Selangor Main Range, 2,300 ft., dated 3rd November, 1907, and two
adult females and an immature female from the Semangko Pass,
Selangor, 28th February, 1908.
200
Like Geciaulus viridis this Timeliad isan inhabitant of thick bam-
boo jungle and has eseaped notice hitherto for similar reasons. It is
strictly a ground bird with very limited powers of flight, but displays
great agility In running along the fallen bambvos and rubbish, amongst
whieh it lives.
T have never shot the species myself, all those obtained having
been seenred by a Dyak collector, and have only once canght a glimpse
of it.
Careful comparison with Dr. Sharpe’s deseription (loc. cit.) reveals
no tangible difference between the Malayan and Sumatran form, from
the mountains of which island alone the species has hitherto been
recorded.
138. DRYMOCATAPHUS NIGRICAPITATUS—THE BLACK-CAPPED BABBLER.
Drymoeataphus nigrieapitatus (Eyton); Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888,
p-275 ; Gramé (2), p. 29.
Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft.. and numerous other places in the Selangor lowlands.
159 DRYMOCATAPHUS TICKELLI-TICKELL'S BABBLER.
Drymoeataphus tickelli (Blyth) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 557 (1883).
This bird is common at the Semangko Pass between 2,200 and
3,000 ft., and at Ginting Bidei at similar elevations, and a single
specimen was also obtained by Mr. Butler on Bukit Kutu, 3,000 ft.
It is also abundant in the Batang Padang highlands. It is only
found in dense jungle and is very shy, which, perhaps, accounts for the
fact that it has not hitherto been recorded from the Malay Peninsula.
“i, SETARTA CINEREA-THE SMALLER RED-HEADED TREE BABBLER.
Malacopterum cinerum (Eyton) ; Sharpe, Cat.. vii., p. 565; Hartert,
p. 564; Grant (1), p. 85.
Attaining its maximum elevation at about 2,500 ft. ‘Three speci-
mens were collected at Ginting Bidei in May, 1908.
Gl. SETARIA MAGNIROSTRIS—THE BROWN-IHEADED TREE BABBLER.
Turdinus magnirostris (Moore) : Sharpe, Cat., p. 547: Robinson,
Journ. Fed. Mal. States Mus,, ii., p. 79 (1907).
Malacopternm magnirostre, Hartert , p. 563: Grant (1), p. 835 id.
(2), paza:
Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.
Range as in the preceding species.
142. ANCROPSIS MALACCENSIS-THV; MALAY WREN BABBLER,
Anuropsis malaccensis (Hart].) : Sharpe, Cat.. p. 588: Grant (2),
p. 20.
Very common from the sea coast to about 2,500 ft., above which
level it is not met with, its place being apparently taken by Corytho-
cichla leucosticta.
»)]
18. TURDINULUS GRANTI-GRANTS! WREN BABBLER,
Turdinulus granti, Richmond, Proc, US. Nat. Mus., xxii., p. 320
(1900).
Turdinulus exsul, Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 60.
Turdinulus humei, Hartert, Nov. Zool., ix., p. 564 (1902); Robinson,
Journ, Fed. Mal. States Mus., i., p. 26 (1905),
24,3 9. Ginting Bidci, Selangor, 2,300 ft. Oct., Nov., 1907; May, 1908,
é. Semangko Pass, Selangor, 2,700-4,500 ft. Febrnary, 1908.
oe Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilan, 2,600 ft. April, 1906.
A comparison of the above series, which is actually before me, with
Mr. Richmond’s description of the five specimens collected by
Dr. Abbott in Trang reveals no material differences, and T. humei,
Hartert, must, therefore, be regarded as a pure synonym.
Dimensions.— Wing, 2.07 in. (2.10 in.*) ; tail, 1.02 in. (.96 in.) ;
tarsus, .87 in, (.88 in.) ; culmen, .56 in. (.57 in.). The specimen from
Semanglko Pass is somewhat darker and more fulvous than the others,
but is closely approached in this respect by a female from Ginting
Bicei.
The species has been obtained by Mr. Kloss in Southern Johore, so
that its range extends practically throughout the whole length of the
Peninsula.
161, CORYTHOCICHLA LEUCOSTICTA—THE MALAY STREAKED BABBLER.
Corythocichla leucosticta, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 488; Butler,
p. 11; Bonhote, p. 64; Grant (2), p. 28.
Turdinulus striatus leucosticta (Sharpe) ; Hartert, p. 665.
Common everywhere from the tops of the highest mountains down
to about 2,500 ft. Not known south of Selangor.
163. ALCIPPE PERACENSIS—TH¥, MOUNTAIN NUN THRUSH.
Alcippe peracensis, Sharpe, P.Z.8., 1887, p. 439; Butler, p. 12;
Hartert, p. 566; Grant (1), p. 82; ad. (2), p. 28.
Quite the commonest bird in the mountains, found everywhere
about 3,000 ft. in parties of five and six, searching the boughs of low
shrubs for insects. Below 3,000 ft. its place is taken by A. cinerea,
which is, however, a much rarer bird relatively.
166. ALCIPPE CINEREA—-THE GREY NUN THRUSH.
Alcippe cinerea, Blyth; Sharpe, Cat., p. 622; Butler, p. 12;
Hartert, p. 566; Grant (1), p. 82; id. (2), p. 28.
Common at Ginting Bidei in October and May.
167. PSEUDOMINLA SOROR—THE MALAY TIT BABBLER,
Minla soror, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 439, pt. xxxviii., fig. 1;
Grant (2), p. 25.
Pseudominla soror, Sharpe, Hand-l. Birds, iv., p. 47 (1903).
Sittiparus castaneiceps soror, Hartert, p. 25.
Very abundant on Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, rarer near
Semangko Pass.
* Dimensions in parentheses are those of the type specimen,
909
WS. NTACHYRIS DAVISONI-DAVISON'S BABBLER,
Stachyris nigriceps, Sharpe (nec Hodgs.), P.Z.S., 1887, p. 440.
Stachyris davisoni, Sharpe, Bull, B.O.C., i., p. vii. (1892); Butler,
p. 12; Hurtert, Nov. Zool.,i., p. 471 (1894); id., op. eit., ix., p. 566
(1902); Grant (1), p. 82; Grant (2), p. 28.
Fairly common at intermediate elevations, southward from Central
Perak to Southern Johore, the Rhio Archipelago and the Natunas.
Wa, NSTACHYRIS POLIOGASTER—-HUME'S BABBLER,
Stachyris poliogaster, ume; Sharpe, Cat., p. 539.
é. Bukit Kutu, Uln Selangor, 3,000 ft. October, 1898. A. L. Butler [e].
g 9. Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,800 ft. October, 1907, and May, 1908.
Besides the type, whieh was collected by Davison on Gunong Pulai
in Southern Johore. these seem to he the only specimens met with up to
the present.
170. STACHYRIS POLIOCEPHALA-TUE GREY-HEADED BABBLER,
Stachyris polioeephala (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 534; Butler,
p. 12; Hartert, p. 566: Grant (2), p. 258.
Fairly common up to 2,500 ft. in suitable localities.
lil. STACHYVRIS LEUCOTIS-THE WIHITE-EARED BABBLER,
Stachyris leucotis (Strickl.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 537.
2. Snneei Tali, Ulu Bentone, Pahang, 1,500 ft. Deeemher, 1904.
Apparently somewhat local, as few recent collectors have met with
it. The only other locality, whenee the Selangor Museum possesses
specimens, is Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilan, where it was found to he
very common in April, 1906. It is also abundant (fide Kloss) im
South-western Johore.
12. STACHYRIS NIGRICOLLIS~THE BLACK-NECKED BABBLER,
Stachyris nigricollis (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 535; id. (3), p. 275.
Collected by Wray on the Batang Padang mountain. We have only
found it in low country, where it is very abundant in certain localities.
173. STACHYRIS CHRYS.EA BOCAGEI-THE GOLDEN BABBLER.
Stachvris bocagii, Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen,.xiv., p. 223 (1879).
Cyanoderma chrysea, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 440.
Stachyridiopsis chryscea assimilis (Walden) ; Hartert, p. 566.
Stachyridiopsis chryswa (Hodygs.); Butler, p. 12; Grant (1),
p81; i@ (2). pee
Stachyris chrysops, Richmoud, Proc, Biol. Soc, Washington, xv.,
p. 157 (1902).
Abundant in small flocks on inmost of the higher hills above 3,000 ft.
On the Semangko Pass the species was breeding in Febrnary, 1908,
and two half-fledged young, which are uniform olive brown without
a trace of golden vellow, were obtained on the 27th of that month.
.
903
The twelve adnit specimens in the Selangor Museum (74,59)
agree minutely with the description of Stuchyvis chrysops, Richmond,
from Trang [Proe. Biol. Soc. Wushiuyton, xx., p. 157 (1902) |, which
was founded on a single specimens.
The birds in freshly-mounted plumage are too bright to be refer-
able to S. ussinalis from N. Tenassernn, and I have therefore followed
Grant in regarding them as identical with 8. bocayei from the moun-
tain of Sumatra, of which, in the absence of farther material confirming
the species, Sé. chrysops must be regarded a synonyin.
WL KENOPIA STRIATA-THE STRIPED BABBLER,
Nenopia striata (Blyth) ; Shivpe, Caut.. p. 573. Hartert, p. 567,
Apparently rare. I lave aot yet met with the bird.
3. JEXORNIN GULARIS—THE YELLOW-BREASTED BABBLER.
Mixornis gularis (Raffles) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 168; id., P.Z.S., 1888,
p. 279; Bonhotle, p. 64; Butler, p. 12+ Hartert, p. 567: Grant (1), p. 8.
Widely spread throughout the Peninsila up to about 2,500 ft.,
but commonest on the sea coast, especially among Casuarinas. The
Selangor Museum possesses a larga series ranging from the Langkawi
eroup of islands, north of Penang, to Malacca. Specimens from the
former locality are distinctly intermediate between the present species
and the Indian AL rubricapilla.
176, MACRONUS PTILOSUS—THE FLUFFY-BACKED BABBLER.
Macronus ptilosus, Jard. and Selby; Sharpe, Cat., p. 583; id. (3),
p- 275.
Batang Padang mountains (Wray). Almost the commonest. of the
smaller Tineliide in the low country,
WZ. MYVIOPHONEUS DICRORHYNCHUS—-THE LARGER WITSTLING
THRUSH,
Myiophoneus dicrorhynchus, Salvad.: Sharpe, t.c., p. 10; Grant
(2), p. 27.
Myiophoneus, sp. ine., Sharpe, P.ZS., 1887, p. 436.
Myiophoneus eugenii, Hume; Butler, p. 12; Bonhote, p. 163.
2 6. Semaneko Pass, 2,500-4,500 ft. Pebruary, 1908.
A large Myiophoneus is Common in certain parts of the Malay
Peninsula, but in the lowlands appears to he only found in vicinity of
the precipitous limestone cliffs.
* All the large Myiophoueus from the Malay Peninsula seem to be the
sume species, though whether referable to the Tenasserim species, J.
eugenti, Hume, or the Sumatran, A. dicrovhyuchus, is hard to say.
The former, if distinct, must be very close indeed to the Sumatran
race, Which was described first. T have followed Grant in his identifiea-
tion, but by Sharpe’s Key (Cat. Birds, vil, p. 6) all would appear to
helong to M. eugenii.
* Since the above was in type we have obtained very large series of Myio-
phoneus tenmincki fromthe islands of Langkawi and Terutan, north of Penang.
204
VS. MYTOPHONEUN ROBINSONI- THE MOUNTAIN WHISTLING THRUSH ,
Myiophoneus robinsoai, Grant, Journ, Fed. Mal. States Mue., i,
p. 104 (1905).
By no means uncommon on the high mountains of Selangor above
3,500 ft.
Specimens are in the Selangor Museum from Gunong Mengkuang
Lebah, Gunong Ulu Kali and the mountains above the Semangko Pass.
170. BRACHYPTERYX WRAYI-WRAY'S SHORT WING,
Brachypteryx nipalensis, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 273; Butler, p. 13.
Brachypteryx wrayi, Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xix., No. exxvin., p. 10
(1906): id., Journ. Fed. Mal. States Mus., 11., p. 26 (1908).
Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Semangko Pass.
Four specimens from the above localities agree well with the
type description, with a skin from Gunong Tahan, and with three males
from the vicinity of the type locality.
180, SIBIL SIMILLIMA-THE MALAYAN SIBIA.
Sibia simillima (Salvad.); Sharpe (1), p. 352; id. (3), p. 274;
Butler, p. 13: Bonhote, p. 63; Grant (1), p. 8; td. (2), p. 26.
Sibia picaoides simillima, Hertert, p. 567.
Met with in flocks of six or seven, and very noisy. Exceedingly
common on the Larut Hills and the Peninsular main range, south to
Southern Selangor, but not found below 3,000 ft.
i. SIVA MALAY AINA—-THE MALAYAN CHESTNUT-TAILED SIVA.
Siva castaneicauda, Sharpe (nec Hume), P.Z.8., 1888. p. 275;
Bouhote, p. 64+.
Siva malayana. Grant (2), p. 25.
Siva strignla malavana, Hartert, p. 567.
Rather rare in Selangor, whence the Selangor Museum possesses
only two specimens from Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Gunong
Un Kah, dated February and March. Both are in unworn plumage
and differ from the large series of Tahan specimens, which are very
faded and abraded in having the under surface below the throat and
the under tail coverts bright orange yellow clouded with olive on the
breast and flanks; the head is rich golden olive, deepening to dark
orange on the forehead, and clearly defined from the back, which is
ereyish, strongly washed with yellowish olive, not almost pure, pure
grey as in the Tahan birds. The differences are most striking, but
are almost certainly due to the age of the feathers only.
2, SIT SORDIDIOR—THWE MALAYAN DULL SIVA.
Siva sordidior, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 276; Butler. p. 13; Grant
(1), p. 80.
Generally distributed over the high mountains of Selangor and
Perak above 4,000 ft.. but nowhere very common.
2)
183. WERPORNIS ZANTHOLEUCA—THE WHITE BELLIED HERPORNIS,
Herpornis zantholeuca, Hodgs. ; Shurpe (3), p. 275; Butler, p. 13;
Hartert p. 568; Grant (1), p. 80; id. (2), p. 25.
A submontane bird, commonest at about 1,500 ft., but found as
high as 3,300 ft.
184. CUTIA CERVINICRISSA—~THE MALAYAN CUTIA.
Cutia cervinicrissa, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 276; Grant (1), p. 80.
Found on the mountains of the main range from Batang Padang.
in South Perak, to Gunone Mengkuang Lebah, in Selangor, above
4,000 ft.
The eight specimens now in the Selangor Museum and many other
duplicates which have passed through my hands all bear out the
diagnosis of the species in having the abdomen and lower tail coverts
rufous tawny, not white as in C. nipalensis.
185. PTERYTHIUS -ERALATUS—TICKELL’S SHRIKE TIT.
Pterythius eralatus (Tick.) ; Sharpe (2), p. 440; id. (3), p. 276;
Butler, p. 14; Bonhote, p. 64; Hartert, p.576; Grant (2), p. 22.
Distributed above about 3,500 ft.
186. PTERYTHIUS TAHANENSIS-THE TAHAN SHRIKE TIT,
Pterythius tahanensis, Hartert, p. 576; Grant (2), p. 22.
Gunong Mengkuang Lebah and Semangko Pass, Selangor.
Rare in Selangor and only found well above 4,000 ft.
187, MESLA ARGENTAURIS—THE SYLYER-EARED MESIA.
Mesia argentauris (Hodgs.); Sharpe (1), p. 352; id. (3), p. 276;
Butler, p. 14; Hartert, p. 568; Grant (1), p. 80; id. (2), p. 25.
Common at high elevations throughout the mountains of the
Peninsula to the south of Selangor.
TROGLODYTID.
188, PNOEPYGA LEPIDA—THE HILL WREN.
Pnoepyga lepida, Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xix.. p. 227; Grant
(2), p. 24.
Pnoepyga pusilla, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 273.
gad, 2imm. Hills above Semangko Pass, 4,000 ft. February, 1908,
Decidedly rare and only found amongst the very thickest scrub,
whence it is very difficult to obtain specimens.
The immature bird is dull blackish brown, beneath the feathers
with blackish edges, the throat feathers paler, also edged with black.
906
TROGOLYTID A.
Ss, GEOCICHLA INTERPRES -TEMMINCK'S GROUND THRUSH,
Geoeichla interpres (Temm.) ; Seebohin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v.,
p. 167 (1881); Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxii., p. 319 (1899).
Known at present from the mountains of Trang, Northern Malay
Peninsula, and Rembau (Hume, 8. F., viit.. p. 39) in Negri Sembilan,
wo. GROCTCHLA INNOTATA—THE MALAY GREY AND ORANGE
GROUND THRUSH,
Geocichla innotata (Blyth); Seebohm, Cat.. p. 176. Butler, p. 20.*
It is exceedingly curious fact that no recent collector has been able
to obtain any of the Malay Geocichla. Tam not aware of any speci-
mens having been obtained in the last twenty years, nor are there any
in any of the local Museum. Possibly they are confined to the north
of the Peninsula. Butler’s specimen noted above was only seen.
IM. CICIHLOSELYS SIBERICUS—THE SIBERIAN GROUND THRUSIL.
Geocichla siberica (Pall.) ; Seebohm, Cat., p. 180 (1879).
Geocichla davisoni, Hume; Grant (1), p. 78.
Common on the higher Selangor mountaims in winter. I have had
through my hands over twenty specimens of this Ground Thrush, of
which thirteen are now hefore me, and I do not bheheve that it is
possible to distinguish two races, G. davisoni, Hume, being as the
author himself considered merely the very old male (Stray Feathers,
v., pp. 63, 156, 1877). One specimen (Sel. Mus. 679/07) exactly
answers to the deseription of G. davisont, Dut all the others have
much more white about them. I have obtained this species on Pulau
Jarak in the middle of the Straits of Malacca, off the mouth of the
Perak River in December, 1904, but the skin was ‘unfortunately
destroyed hy rats.
2, OREOCICHLA AFFINIS—RICUMONDS MOUNTAIN THRUSH.
Oreocichlu horsfieldi, Richmond, Proce. Biol. Sor. Washington, xx.,
p. 158 (1902).
Mountain of Trang, Northern Malay Peninsula.
3. TURDUS OBSCURUS—THE DARK OUZEL.
Merula olbscurus (Gin.) ; Seebohm, f.c., p. 273.
Turdus obsenrns (Gm.); Grant 1), p. 78.
I'wo feinales, evidently on passage, were shot on Gnnong Ulu Kali,
Selangor, 4,700 ft., in February, 1905.
Recently I have secured three specimens from Terntan and Langkawi,
which are somewhat intermediate between G. cétrina (Lath.) and G. tnnotata
in respect to the white tips to the primary coverts.
207
lv. PETROPHILA SOLITARIA-TNE KASTERN BLUE ROCK 'TURUSHL
Mouticola solitaria (Mill) ; Seeboli., Cut., p. 319.
Montivola cyanus solitaria, Butler, p. 20.
Cyanocincla solitaria, Hume, Stray Feathers, ix., p. 116 (1580).
The most southerly speciinen recorded from the Malay Peninsula.
Shot in February on the Larnt Hills. Also obtained at Ghirbee
(Hume, loc. cit.).
A male of the western form, P. cyaneus, was shot by M. Boden
Kloss at the Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur, on 3rd August, 1908.
195. PETROPIILA GULARIS—TUK CULNESE ROCK THRUSIL.
Monticola gularis (Swinh.) ; Seebohim., Cat., p. 326; Butler, p. 20.
Besides the specimen from the Larut Hills recorded by Butler
(loc. cit.), there is another mounted and undated specimen from the
same locality in the Taiping Museum. A third specimen is known
from Malacca [| Hume, Stray Feathers, ix., p. 116 (1880) ].
1, JY DROCICHLA RUPFUCAPILLA—THE CHUESTNUT-BACKED
FORK TAIL.
Hydrocichla ruficapilla (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat., p. 319; Butler,
p- 19; Hartert, p. 572.
36,2 9. Ginting Bidci, 2,300 ft. May, 190S.
Common on clear rocky streams and torrents throughout the
Peninsula up to about 3,000 ft.
197. 2ENICURUS SCHISTACLUS—THE SLATY-BACKED FORK TAIL.
Henicurus sehistaceus, Hodgs.; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vii,
p. 365 (1883) ; Butler, p. 19; Hurtert, p. 570; Grant (1), p. 79.
Found in similar situations to the preceding, but not as a rule
below 4,000 ft., though Butler obtained it on the Larut Hills at 2,000 ft.
Very abundant above the Semangko Pass.
Ws, LARVIVTORA CVANLA-THE SIBERIAN BLUE CHAT,
Larvivora cyanea (Pall.) ; Seebohm., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., v., p. 803
(1881); Butler, p. Is.
This species is met with throughout the Malay Peninsula from
October to April, but is common in the hills than in the low country.
It has also been met with in some of the islands in the Straits of
Malacca, also during the winter montlis.
19, VOTODLLA LEECURA—TILE WHITE-TAILED BLUE ROBIN,
Notodela leucura (Hodys.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vii.,
p. 28 (1883); Butler, Journ. Strait. Branch Roy, Asiut. Svc., No. 34,
p. 99 (1900).
A single female collected by A. L. Butler on Gunong Ijau, Larut
Mills, at 4,000 ft. in March, 1898, is the only record for the species 1
208
the Malay Peninsula; elsewhere it is known froin Mt. Mooleyit in
Tenasserim and from Nepal and Sikkim. It has been overlooked by
me in my Hand-list of the Birds of the Malay Peninsula, autea, p. 60.
200. COPSYCHUS MUSICUS-THE STRAITS ROBIN,
Copsychus musicus (Rattes): Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1888, p. ve
Hartert, p. 575; Grant (1), p. 79.
Copsychus saularis (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 1: Butler, p. 20.
Occasionally found in large hill clearmgs and along the roads
crossing the main range, but not a normal imhabitant of mountain
jungle.
201, CITTOCINCLA MACRURA-YHE SHAMA.
Cittocincla tricolor (Vieill.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 84; Grant (1), p. @9.
Wittocinela macrurus (Gm.); Hartert, p. 572.
The Shama ascends the hills to about 3,000 ft., but is very much
commoner in the low country though not met with in swamp jungle.
vor, LRICHINUS PYRROPYGUS—-THE ORANGE-TAILED THRUSH.
Trichixus pyrropygus (Less.); Sharpe, Cat., p. 32; Grant (2),
p. 24.
Met with on Gunong Tahan at 3,000 ft. ; fairly common in the low
country, but local.
SYLVIIDA.
205, ORTHOTOMUS ATRIGULLRIS—-THE BLACK-THROATED TAILOR BIRD.
Orthotomus atrigularis (Temm.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
Vil., p. 220 (1883) ; Budler, p. 16.
Semangko Pass, February, and Ginting Bidei, May.
Not met with much above 3,000 ft.
201, SULORIA MACULICOLLIS-THE LONG-TAILED TAILOR BIRD.
Sutoria maculicollis (F. Moore) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 218; id. (2), p. 440.
Sutoria maculicauda (Lbapsu) ; Butler, p. 17.
Common in gardens, etc. I have not myself noted it on the lulls
where it has been obtained by Wray and Butler.
093, FRANKLINLA RUFESCENS—BEAVAN’S WREN WARBLER.
Citiscola beavani (Wald.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 225; Butler, p.16; Grant
(2), p. 23.
Franklinia rufescens (Blyth) ; Hart., p. 569.
Cominon in the lowlands at certain times of the year. One speci-
men was obtained at the Semangko Pass in February, 1908.
03, ACANTHOPNEUSTE CORONATA-TEMMINCK’S CROWNED
WILLOW WARBLER.
Phylloscopus coronatus (Temm. and Schleg.) ; Seebohin, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., v., p. 49 (1881).
gad. Telém, Perak-Pahang horder, 3,000 ft. 12th October, 1904.
Alsy obtained at Malacca [ Hume, Stray Feathers, viii., p. 65 (1879)!.
209
207, PHY LLERGAVES—CIN EREICOLLIS—~THE ORANGE-HEADED WARBLER.
Phyllergates cinereicollis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 479; Gruut (2),
p- 23.
Phyllergates cucullatus (‘Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cut. Birds Brit. Mus.,
vii, p. 229 (1885) ; Sharpe (2), p. 440; id. (3), p. 273; Butler, p. 16;
Hartert, p. 569.
Common on the Selangor Mountains above 3,500 ft.
208. SUA WATERSTRADTI-THE TAHAN HILL WARBLER.
Suya waterstradti, Hartert, Nov. Zool., ix., p. 568 (1902); Grant
(2), p. 23.
So far as is at present known confined to the higher parts of
Gunouvg Tahan, where it is very common.
LANITDAs.
200, ILEMIPUS PICATUS-THE BLACK PIED SHRIKE,
Henipus picatus (Sykes); Sharpe, Cet. Birds Brit. Mus., iii,
p. 307 (1877); Hurtert, p. 576.
Replacing the lowland H. obsewrus (Horsf.) above 3,000 ft.,
but not verv common.
210, TEPHRODORNIS GULARIS-TME MALAY WOOD SHRIKE,
Tephredornis gularis (Raffles); Sharpe, Cet. Birds Brit. Mus.,
p. 278 (1877 ); Butler, p. 17; Hartert, p. 576; Grant (2), p. 21.
Does not range high into the mountains. Butler got it on the
Larut Hills at 3,000 ft., and it is abundant on Gunong Angsi
in Negri Sembilan at 2,600 ft.
20, PLATYLOPHUS ARDESIACUS (CABJ—-THE JAY SHRIKE,
Platylophus ardesiacus (Cab.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 317; id... P.ZS.,
1888, p. 269; Grant (1), p. 77.
Common at Ginting Bidei.
An immature bird is greyer below somewhat browner above and with
the greater wing coverts tipped with butf.
212, LANIUN TIGRINUS—THKE THICK-BILLED SKRIKE,
Lanius tigrinus (Drap.) ; Gadow, Cut. Birds Brit. Mus., vii, p. 289
(1883); Butler, p. 17; Grunt, Nov. Zool., ix., p. 480 (1902); Hartert,
p. 576: Grant (2), p. 77.
2 2 imm. Semangko Pass. February, 190s.
Adult birds seem very rare in the Malay Peninsula. There are
ouly two in the Selangor Museum collection, one from Gunong Angsi,
Negri Sembilan, 2,600 ft., and another from Tanjong Malim at the
foot of the main range, both females, and both shot in April.
210
PARIDAS.
23. WELANOCHLOR.L FPLAVOCRISTALA TK SULVAN TTY,
Melanochlora sultanea (Hodys.) : Gudow, Cat, p. O: Sharpe (3),
p. 277; Butler, po 14: Grant (1), p. 76. fd. (3), p. 21.
Melanochlora flavoeristata (Lafr.); Hellinuys, Serreich Parida,
p- 31 (19083) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. Birds, iv., p. 326 (1903).
Abundant nearly everywhere from 2,000 ft. to about 4,000 ft., and
occasionally in the low country at the foot of the main range. It 1s
usually met with in floeks of six or seven aniong high trees at the edge
of clearings or in the jungle.
SIPTTID AG.
2H. DENDROPHILA AZUREA—THE DEEP BLUE NUTILATCH,
Sitta azurea, Less.; Gudow, Cut. Birds Brit. Mus., vi, p. 397
(1883) ; Hartert, p. 573.
Deudrophila azurea (Less.) ; Butler, p.15; Grant (1), p. 76; td. (2),
p. BI.
Fairly comnion on the Selangor main range, but not found below
3,000 ft.
13, DENDROPHILA FRONTALIS SATURATIOR—-THE MALAY NUTHATCH,
Silta frontalis saturatior, Martert, p. 573.
Dendrophila saturatier, Grund (1), p. 76; id. (2), p. 21
Semangko Pass, February, 1908.
Locally distributed up to about 3,0V0 ft.
The above specimen agrees well with a pair from Gunong Angsi,
2,600 ft., Negri Sembilan, and differs from a skin from Trang collected
by Dr. W. L. Abbott in bemg much more intense in colouration.
Malay Peninsula speciinens require comparison with freshly-collected
Javan ones (the type locality) and with Indian skins before the validity
of the sub-species can be considered as established.
CORVIDA.
216, CASS. ROBINSONI—THE MALAY BLUE MAGPIE,
Cissa robinsoni, Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xix., No. exxviii., p. 9 (1906) ;
id, (2), p. 16.
This fine species originally described from a single specimen from
Gunong Tahan has since proved to be very numerous on the Selangor
mountains, especially near the Semangko Pass, whence a large number
of speciinens have been recently obtained: it also occurs at Telom
in the Batang Padang mountains. In all localities it is very wild and
hard tu secure. As is the case with other members of the genus, the
plumage of this bird is extraordinarily sensitive to light and very
slight exposure changes the greenish vellow of the head and budy to
pale blue and the maroen of the primaries to dull grey.
211
DICRURID AS.
217. DISSEMURUS PARADISEUS—THE LARGE RACKET-TALLED DRONGO.
Dissemurus paradiseus (Linn.) ; Shurpe, Cat. Brit. Mus., ii, p. 258
(1878) ; Hartert, p. 579.
Waterstradt (Hartert, /oc. cit.) is said to have vot this species up to
5,000 ft. on Gunong Tahan. J have never met with it anywhere
above 2,000 ft.
218, BURINGA REMIFER-THE LESSER RACKET-TAILED DRONGO.
Bhringa remifer (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 257; id. (2), p. 434;
Bouhote, p. 59; Hartert, p. 580; Grant (1), p. 68.
Very abundant on all the hills from 2,500-5,000 ft., especially
where there is much bamboo.
219, CIAPTIA MALAVUNSIS—TUL MALAYAN BRONZED DRONGO,
Chaptia malayensis (A. Hay) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 44.
Chaptia aenea (Vieill.); Grant (1), p. 67; id. (2), p. 17.
Almest as common in the hills as Bhringa remifer in similar situ-
ations, but unlike that species, occasionally found in low country also.
220. DICRURUS ANNECTENS—THE CROW-BILLED DRONGO,
Dicrurus annectens (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe, Cat., p. 231.
2 imm. Ginting Bidei, 2,300 ft. 29th October, 1907.
A migratory species, common on the islands of the Straits of
Malacca and in the coastal districts in the winter mouths. Immature
birds, with a great deal white in the plumage, are always in the
majority.
ORIOLIDA.
221, ORIOLUS CONSANGUINEUS—THE BLACK-AND-RED MOUNTAIN
ORIOLE.
Oriolus consanguineus (Wardl.-Ramsuy) ; Sharpe (2), p. 484;
Bonhote, p. 59; Grant (1), p. 68.
Very abundant on all mountains above 3,500 ft., except Gunong
Tahan, from which it appears to be absent,
The large series before me confirm Mr. Grant’s remarks, loc. cit,
about size. The amount of red on the primary coverts varies very
vreatly, being almost absent im some individuals.
222, UROLONCHA ACUTICAUDA—HODGSON'S MUNIS.
Uroloncha acuticauda (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xil., p. 356 (1890) ; Butler, p. 20.
Noted by Butler on the Larut Hills at 3,000 ft.; flocks were
occasionally seen at the Semangko Pass in February, 1908.
223, CHLORURA sp—THE MALAYAN GREEN WEAVER FINCH.
Chlorura sp., Grant, Fasc. Mul, Zool., iii., p. 70 (1905),
A single female of this genus was obtained at Telém, Batang
Padang highlands, South Perak, 3,500 ft., in January, 1902, but though
dlar., 1909,
21%
it has been searched for in the same locality on several occasions
sinee, no additional specimens have come to hand. It is probably
distinct from the Kina Balu form, C. borneensis, Sharpe.
2. PYRRHULA WATHERSTRADTI-TNE MALAYAN BULLFINCH,
Pyrrbula waterstradti, Hartert; Nov. Zool., ix., p. 577 (1902) ;
Grant (2), p. 18.
Gunong Ulu Kali, Selangor, -4,800-5,200 ft. February, 1906.
Gunong Mengkuang Lebah, Selangor, +,800-5,200 ft. March, April, 1907,
Semangko Pass, Selangor, 3,500-4,800 ft. February, 1908.
The Malay Bullfinch probably occurs on all the higher mountains of
Selangor wherever Vaceinium and Conifers ure found, though it is
nowhere so ecmmon as it was found to be on Gunong Tahan. Though
carefully searched for, it has not yet been met with on any of the
Perak Hills.
225. MOTACILLA MELANOPE—THE GREY WAGTAIL.
Motacilla melanope (Pall.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x.,
p- 500 (1885) ; id. (2), p. 441; Budler, p. 21; Hartert, p. 575; Grant
(1). p. 71; id. (2), p. 19.
Common on roads, jungle paths and streams throughout the
Peninsula from August to April. '
226, LIMONIDROMUS INDICUS—THE FOREST WAGTAIL,
Limonidromus indicus (Gin.); Sharpe, Cat., p. 532; id. (8), p. 228.
Collected by Wray on the Larut Hills, probably on migration ; it
lias been met with in large flocks among the mangroves on the
coastal districts of Selangor during the winter months.
27, ANTHUS MACULATUS-THE INDIAN TREE PIPFY.
Anthus maculatus (Hodgs.); Sharpe, Cot. Birds Brit. Mus, x.,
p. 947 (1885); Butler, p. 21.
Butler’s specimen, shot on Larut Hills ata height of about 3,700 ft.
in March, 1898, is the only record of this Indian species fur the Malay
Peninsula. It is only a winter visitor to Tenasserim, but is found
during that season in Saigon and Sonthern China.
Omitted by me in my Hand-list of the Birds of the Malay Peninsula,
antes, p. 82.
NECTARINIIDAS.
24, CETHOPYGA WRAVI-WRAYS SUNBERD,
Asthopyea wravi, Sharpe, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 440, pl. xxxviii, fig. 2;
Butler, p. 21: Hertert, p. 573; Grant A), p. 745 fd. (2). p. 19.
Common on all the Peninsula hills, exceeding 3,000 ft. in height,
but not found south of Gunong Ulu Kali im Selangor.
The specnaen from Bukit Kutu that I recorded as Athupyya uno-
mule (antea, p. 82, No, 588) should be referred to this species; it is a
mounted specimen in bad condition, lacking most of the feathers of the
rump.
O13
29, ETIHOPYVG.A TEMMINCKI-HORSPIELD’S SCARLET SUNBERD.
Aithopyga temmincki (S. Mill.) ; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
ix., p. 16 (1884); Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus., 1, p. 28
(1905).
Bukit Kntu, Ulu Selangor, 3,000 ft. November, 1900, A. L. Butler (ce).
Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,300 ft. November, 1907.
Somewhat rare and local, and apparently restricted to a very narrow
zone in altitude. Fairly common on Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilan,
at a height of about 2,700 ft. in November, 1904. Not met with
on the higher hills.
230, LETHOPYGA ANOMALA—ADBOTT'S SUNBIRD.,
Aithopyga anomala, Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, p. 319
(1900).
This species has been deseribed as near J. saturatior ; it appears,
however, to be closer to 47. wrayi, from which it only ditfers in lack-
ing the yellow rump band.
231, ANTHOTHREPTES RUODOL.AMA—SHELLEY'S SUNBIRD.
Anthothreptes rhodolema, Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin, p. 13;
Hartert, Nov. Zool., ix., pp. 203, 209, 574 (1908).
I cannot recognise this species amongst the very large series of
Anthothreptes malaccensis in the Selangor Musenm.
232, ANTHOTHREPTES IY POGRAMMICA—THE BANDED SUNBIRD.
Anthothreptes hypogrammica (S. Miul.); Gadow, tc, p. 112;
Hartert, p. 574; Grant (1), p. 73; id. (2), p. 19.
é. Semangko Pass, 2,500 ft. February, 1908,
23,29. Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,300 ft. October, 1907.
Abundant im deep jungle from 200-2,300 ft., taking the place of
Anthothreptes malaccensis, which is never found far from cultivation.
233. CHALCOPARTA SINGALENSIS—THE RUBY THROAT.
Anthothreptes phaenicotis (Temm.) ; Gadow, tr., p. 121.
Chaleoparia singalensis, Hartert, p. 574.
Collected by Waterstradt on Gunong Tahan between 2,000 and
5,000 ft.; fairly common in the Selangor low country.
931, ARACHNOTHERA LONGIROSTRIS—THE LONG-BILLED SPIDER
HUNTER.
Arachnothera longirostris (Lath.); Gudow, t.e., p. 103; Sharpe,
p. 441; Hartert, p. 574: Grant (1), p. 1.
g. Semangko Pass, Selangor-Pahang boundary, 2,700 ft. February, 1908.
The only specinen I have met with on the hills,
214
235. ARACHNOTUERA MODESTA—THE DULL SPIDER TWUNTER.,
Arachnothera modesta (Eyton); Gadow, tc, p. 107; Hertert,
p. o¢4; Grané (1), p. 72.
Semangko Pass, 2,700 ft. November, 1900. A. lL. Butler [c].
Common in the low country, but evidently rare on the hills.
236, ARACHNOTHERA MAGNA-THE STREAKED SPIDER HUNTER,
Arachnothera magna (Hodgs.); Gadow, t.c., p. 105; Sharpe (2),
p. 441; Buéler, p. 21; Grant (1), p. 73; id. (2), p. 19.
Common on all ihe high hills of the Peninsula above 5,000 ft.
as fay south as Gunong Ulu Kali.
237, ARACHNOTHERA CRASSTROSTRIS—THE THICK-BILLED SPIDER
HUNTER.
Arachnothera crassirostris (Reichenb.); Gadow, te. p. 102;
Bouhote, p. 64; Grant (1), p. 72.
A male was collected at Telém, 3,500 ft. Ist Deeember, 1998.
Widely distributed throughout the Peninsula, but decidedly rare.
DICAID.
238, DIC.EUM TRIGONOSTIGMA—THE ORANGE-BILLED FLOWER-
PECKER,
Diceum trigonostigma (Scop.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., x.,
p. 38 (1885): Bonhote, p. 65; Hartert, p. 575; Grant (1), p. 75; id.
(2), p. 20.
¢@ ¢?. Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.
The upper limit, from which this species has heen recorded, is about
3,300 ft. In orchard land and low country secondary growth, it is
common.
939, DIC.EUM IGNIPECTUS-THE FIRE-BREASTED FLOWER-PECKER.
Diceum ignipectus (Hodgs.); Sharpe, t.c., p. 41; Sharpe (2),
p. 441; Bonhote, p.65; Butler, p. 22; Hartert, p.575; Grant (1), p. 75;
id. @), p. 2U
Met with on nearly all the mountains of the Peninsula, but not
particularly common on any of them and not found below about
3,000 ft
200 ft.
210, PRIONOCIILUS THORACICUS—THE SCARLET-THROATED FLOWER-
PECKER,
Prionochilus thoracicus (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cut., p. 67; Grant (2),
¢
p. oe
The three specimens collected on Gunong Tahan appear to be the
only record of the species from the Peninsula in recent years. It is,
however, said to oceur in “ Malacca.”
215
211, PRIONOCHILUS MACULATUS-THE SPOTTED FLOWER PECKER.
Prionochilus maculatus (Temm.); Sharpe, tc, p. 69; Buller,
p: 22; Hartert, p. 575; Grant (2), p. 20.
Ginting Bidei, Selangor, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.
Not normally found in the hill country at any great height, but
fairly common at the above locality, where numerous specimens were
collected.
ZOSTEROPID.
22. ZOSTEROPS TANWANENSIS—THUE UPLAND WHITE EYE,
Zosterops aureiventer, Hartert (nec Hume), p. 575; Grant (nee
Hume), (1), p. 75,
Zosterops tahanensis, Grant, Bull. B.O.C., xix., No. exxvii., p. 9
(1906) ; id. (2), p. 21.
3,2 2. Ginting Bidei, Sclangor, 2,300 ft. May, 1908.
These three skins, when compared with a series of twenty-one speci-
mens of typical Z. auretventer, Hume, from the coasts of the Malay
Penmsula and the islands in the immediate vicinity, clearly show the
(ifferences pointed out by Mr. Grant—viz., a darker green upper surface
and darker grey under parts. In addition, the throat is a dull greenish
yellow, not bright clear yellow as in 4. aureiventer, and the white ring
round the eye is not so broad.
SUMMARY.
Ou summarising the foregoing list, we find that the mountains of
the Malay Peninsula above the height of 2,500 ft.—the altitude of the
Ginting Bidei Pass—are now known to be inhabited by 242 species,
which, with very few exceptions, are represented by recently collected
specimens of undoubted authenticity; of these 157 species are also .
met with at lower altitudes, and may be divided into the following
clusses :
A.—Migrants of wide distribution and of no importance for
faunal discussion :
1. Rallina superciliaris 8. Poliomyias luteola
2. Caprimuleus jotaka 9. Turdus obscurus
3. Cypselus pacificus 10. Petrophila gularis
4. Cacomantis meruhnus ll. Larvivora cyanea
5. Hierococeyx fugax 12. Acanthopneuste coronata
6. Hirundo gutturalis 15. Motacilla melanope
¢,
a
I.
2.
o
o.
am
1
to
rm bo
SoS
ID 1r 19 fo bo
ce
re
Dos
SONNAG
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216
B.—Species ranging from Burma or Tenasserim to the Malay
Peninsula, but no further—i.e., species of Continental Type:
Ceyx tridactyla
Collocalia innominata
Cheetura indica
Dichoceros bicornis
Rhopodytes tristis
Gecinulus viridis
(7
8.
os
10.
1.
12.
Pericrocotas flanmnifer
AMthorhynchus lafresnayei
Pycnonotus finlaysoni
Herpornis zantholeuca
Geocichla innotata
Cittocincla macrura
C.—Species distributed from Tenasserim or beyond, through the
Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo—v.e., species of Generalised
Malayan Type:
Rollulus roulroul
Butreron capellei
Treron uipalensis
Macropygia ruficeps
Chalcophaps indica
Accipiter gularis
Ictinaetus malayensis
Spizaetus alboniger
Alcedo euryzona
Rhytidoceros undulatus
Anorrhinus galeritus
Berenicornis comatus
Rhinoplax vigil
Nyctiornis amicta
Chetura leucopygialis
Tachornis infumata
Macropteryx longipennis
Macropteryx comata
Pyrotrogon duvauceli
Pyrotrogon orescius
Surniculus lugubris
Centropns sinensis
Zanclostomus javanicus
Urococcyx erythrognathus
Calorhamphus hayi
Cyanops mystacophanes
Geciuus observandus
Gauropicoides rafilesi
Pyrrhopicus porphyromelis
Miglyptes grammithorax
Miglyptes tukki
Micropternus brachyurus
Chrysophlegma malaccense
Chrysophlegma limii
Hemicercus sordidus
69,
36,
3”.
38.
39.
40.
41,
42.
45.
44,
45,
46,
47.
48,
49,
Cp GS Cx Cee
ST ot eR oO |
D8.
59,
60.
61.
Ge.
65.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
Calyptomena viridis
Eurylamus javanicus
Corydon sumatranus
Cyornis unicolor
Cyornis tickellize
Terpsiphone affinis
Philentoma velatum
Philentoma pyrrhopterum
Culicicapa ceylonensis
Chloropsis zosterops
Chloropsis cyanopogon
Hemixus malaccensis
Microtarsus melanoleueus
Criniger tephrogenys
Alophoixus phzocephalus
Trachycomus ochrocephalus
Tricholestes criniger
Pycnonotus simplex
Rubigula cyaniventris
Turdinus abbotti
Setaria magnirostris
Drymocataphus nigricapita-
tus
Copsychus musicus
Orthotomus atrignlaris
Melanochlora flavocristata
Dissemurus paradiseus
Chaptia malayensis
Chalcoparia singalensis
Munia acuticauda
Anthothreptes hy pogram-
nica
Arachnothera modesta
Arachnothera longirostris
Arachnothera crassirostris
Diceum trigonostigma
217
D.— Species ranging from the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, or Java
to the Malay Peninsula, but not to Tenasserim—7.e., species of Insular
Type:
1. Rhizothera longirostris ; 26. Rubigula webberi
2. Osmotreron olax 27. Eupetes macrocercus
5. Ptilinopus jambu 28. Pomatorhinus borneensis
4. Carpophaga badia 29. Turdinus sepiarius
5. Buceros rhinoceros 30. Setaria cinerea
6. Lyncornis temmincki 31. Anuropsis malaccensis
¢. Collocalia linchi 32. Aleippe cinerea
5. Chetura gigantea 33. Stachyris davisoni
9. Pyrotrogon neglectus 34. Stachvris poliocephala
10. Rhopodytes sumatranus 35. Stachyris leucotis
11. Chotorhea chrysopogon 36. Stachyris nigricollis
12. Chotorhea versicolor 37. Kenopia striata
13. Mesobuecco duvauceli 38. Mixornis gularis
14. Chrysocolaptes validus 39. Macronus ptilosus
15. Sasia everetti 40. Myiophoneus dicrorhynehus
16. Erythromyias muelleri 41. Geocichla interpres
17. Gerygone modiglianii 42. Hydrocichla ruficapilla
18. Hypothymis azurea 43. Trichixus pyrrhopygus
19. Rhinomyias pectoralis 44. Sutoria maculicollis
20. Stoparola thalassinoides 45, Lanius tigrinus
21. Lalage culminata 46. Tephrodornis gularis
22. Chloropsis icterocephala 47, Athopyga temmincki
25. Hemixus cinereus 48. Anthothreptes rhodolema
24. Tole olivacea 49. Prionochilus thoracicus
25. Criniger finschii 50. Prionochilus maculatus
E.—The following species are peculiar to the Malay Peninsula:
Species. Nearest ally. Locality.
1. Sphenocercus sp. Sp. apicicauda ‘Tenasserim
2. Syrnium maingayi S. indranee S. India
3. Pernis tweedalii P. cristatus Tenasserim and
Borneo
4. Indicator malayanus I. archipelagicus Borneo
5. Irena cyanea I. puella Tenasserim
6. Turdinus macrodactylus T. rufipectus Stunatra
7. Turdinulus granti T. roberti Tenasserim
8. Stachyris poliogaster S. rufifrons .
9. Platylophus ardesiacus P. coronatus Sumatra and
Borneo
10. Dendrophila saturatior D. frontalis Tenasserim
Out of the 142 species that remain in this section, after excluding
15 migrant forms, no less than 122 are of distinctly Malayan type,
while only 20 are confined to the mainland of Asia or, in the case of
peculiar species, most closely related to species so confined.
218
We may, therefore, conclude that the bulk of the submontane avi-
fauna (and by subinontane is meant the region from about 3,000 ft.
in altitude to the limits of the coastal zone) has been derived from the
Sunda Tslands to the East, West and South, and has not spread over
the Peninsula by way of Tenasserim and Burma.
The remaining 85 species in the list are, so far as is at present
known, strictly confined to the mountains above 3,000 ft., and imelude
the greater portion of the species peculiar to the Peninsula.
On analysing the list in the same manner as the preceding section,
we find that—
Seven species are migrants, met within the winter only :
1. Cuculus poliocephalus 4, Cyanoptila bella
2. Hemichelidon ferruginea 5. Cichloselys sibirica
5. Heinichelidon fuliginosa | 6. Monticola solitaria
7. Anthus maculatus
Eighteen species oeeur elsewhere in the mountains of Tenasserim—viz.,
1. Syrmum newarense 10. Criniger ochraceus
2. Glancidium brodiei 11. Otocompsa flaviventiis
3. Pvrotrogon erythrocephalus | 12. Drymoeataphus tickelli
4. Cvyanops ramsayi 15. Pteruthius eralatus
5. Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis 14. Mesia argentauris
6. Psarisomus dalhousiz _ 15. Notodela leucura
7. Nitidula hodgsoni | 16. Henicurus schistaceus
8. Pericrocotus fraterculus 17. Arachnothera magna
18. Diceeum ignipectus
‘
9. Chloropsis hardwickii
Fleven are high level Sumatran species—viz.,
1. Macropygia leptogrammica 6. Melanocichla ligubris
2. Cyanops oorti 7. Rhinocichla mitrata
3. Psilopogon pyrolophus 8. Stachyris bocagei
+. Niltava decipiens — 9. Turdinus loricatus
5. Cryptolopha trivirgata 10. Sibia simillima
11. Pnoepyga lepida
eed
Three species are found elsewhere only in Borneo—viz.,
1. Phyllergates cinereicollis j 2. Abrornis schwaneri
3. Muscicapula westermanni
Four are common to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo—viz.,
1. Pericrocotus montanus 3. Hierococcyx bocki
2. Oriolus consanguineus 4, Picunmnus innominatus
Three are found in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Cochin-
china—viz.,
1. Chetura cochinchinensis | 2. Cyornis concreta
3. Bhringa remifer *
* Also in Java.
9
19.
Two range from Tenasserim to Borneo—viz.,
1.
Hemipus picatus *
2. Rhipidura albicollis(=atrata,
Salvad.)
One is met with only in Malay Peninsula, Java and Timor—viz.,
1. Dendrophila azurea
While the remaining 56 species are peculiar to the Malay Peninsula,
nearest allies:
wre
19,
20.
21.
23.
25,
Name.
Rheinwardtius nigrescens
Arboricola campbelli
Polyplectron inopinatus
Sphenocercus robinsoni
Heteroscops vulpes
Gecinus rodgeri
Gecinus robinsoni
Chrysophlegma wrayi
Serilophas rothsehildi
Anthipes malayana
Cyornis malayensis
Muscicapula malayana
Cryptolopha butler
Cryptolopha davisoni
Artamides larutensis
Tole peracensis
Gampsorhynchus saturatior
Trochalopteron peninsule
Pomatorhinus wrayi
Corythocichla leucosticta
Aleippe peracensis
Pseudominla soror
Myiophoneus robinsoni
Brachypteryx wrayi
Siva malayana
Siva sordidior
Cutia cervinicrissa
Pteruthius tahanensis
Oreocichla affinis
Suva waterstradti
Cissa robinsoni
Pyrrhula waterstradti
Allied species.
R. ocellatus
A. rubrirostris
P. chalenrus
( Sp. korthalsi
(Sp. permagnus
H. luciz
G. chlorogaster
G. oecipitalis
Ch. flavinneha
5. lunatus
A. submoniliger
C, oatesi
M. hyperythra
C. castaneiceps
C. montis
A. larvatus
I. tickelhli
G. torquatus
T. melanostigma
P. tickelli
C. striatus
A. nipalensis
P. castaneiceps
M. cyaneus
B. nipalensis
S. castaneicanda
S. sordida
C, nipalensis
P. melanotis
O. horsfieldi
S. superciliaris
( Cissa minor
CC. jeffreyi
P. nipalensis
Mountain species peculiar to the Malay Peninsula, with their
Locality,
Tndo-China
Sumatra
»
50
Too Choo Is-
Jands
Borneo
'l'enasserim
oF
P
9
%
9
Himalayas
Borneo
Java
‘Tenasserim
$9
$e
a9
”
+
Java
Tenasserim
9
of
KXaren-nee
Tenasserim
Java
Tenasserim
Sumatra
Borneo
Tenasserim
* Hemipus tutermedius, Salvad., in Sumatra.
Name, Allied species, Loeality.
33. Chlorura sp. C. borneensis Borneo
34. Athopyga anomala AB. saturata Tenasserim
35, Athopyga wravi As. saturata -
36, Zosterops tahanensis 4%, aureiventer Tenasserim,
Java
With regard to the range of the endemic Peninsular forms, it may
be noted that they are very evenly distributed throughont the main
range, from as far north as has been explored to Gunong Ulu Wali in
Selangor ; south of Ginting Bidei in Selangor, practically all disappear ;
Gunong Angsi in Negri Sembilan, 3,000 ft., app., and Mt. Ophir
on the borders of Malacca and Johore possessing none,
The hills hehind Lakon in the N.-E. Coast of the Peninsula, which
attain a height of over 5,000 ft. and have not vet been explored, may
possibly yield further species, in view of the fact that the Trang hills
on the same latitude on the West Coast, which are, however, of less
elevation, undoubtedly possess certain mountain forms; the specific
distinctness, however, of a proportion of the forms described therefrom
is open to qnestion.
Further analysis of this list of 77 resident mountain species
discloses the fact that the larger proportion is derived from Tenasserim
und the mainland of Asia, and not from the Sunda Islands, as is the ease
with the submontane forms, which is elearly shown by the following
tables :
Submontane avifanna, 142 species —
No. Per cent,
Peculiar species a ve a 10 oe 7.0
Speeies oceurring on mainland only 15 a 9.3
7 - islands only... 50 35.2
, of continental facies i 20 cee 14.1
,, of msular facies _ a. LT? 85,9
Montane avifauna, 77 species—
No. Per cent,
Peculiar species a oe _ 36 - 46.8
Species oceurring on mainland only 18 _ 93.4
- » islands only... 18 - 23.4
» Of continental facies ee 44. _ 57.1 )
» Of insular facies ... ve 28 we 36.4 - 100
Neutral _ - _ = 5 _ 6.5)
On going throngh the list in detail, one is struck, on the whole, by
the lack of differentiation in the species ; for, though 46 out of the 242
are not found elsewhere, hardly any of them are much more than sib-
species and only nine or ten are really distinct forms. The mountains
of the Malay Peninsula have been about equally well explored with
Kina Baln, and what they lack in height, as compared with that
mountain, they make up in area. The present list comprises 242
221
species included in 176 genera, while Whitchead records 159 species
in 124 venera from the Bornean mountain.
But the Malay Peninsula contains no peculiar genus, while Kina
Balu possesses no less than seven—viz.,
Chliamydochera Orthnocichla
Oreoctistes Allocotops
Chlorocharis Androphilus
Hematortyx
Several genera oveur both in Tenasserim, Borneo and Sumatra,
but find no representative species in the Malay Peninsula—viz.,
Merula | Staphidia
Garrulax
nor are—
Cettia
found on Kina Balu, met with here.
Hyloterpe
On the other hand, Himalayaic genera, not met with in the Sunda
Islands, occur in the Peninsula—viz.,
Serilophus Pseudominla
Nitidula | Siva
Gampsorhynchus Cutia
Trochalopteron i Pyrrhula
As do also representatives of the Sumatran genera:
Rhinocichla
Melanocichla
which are not met with either in Tenasserim or Borneo.
Chalcurus (Polyplectron)
Psilopogon
Those few mammals that are known to be confined to the high
mountains support the view that the fauna of the central chain has
been very largely derived from the continental land masses to the North.
These species are :
Nanie. Nearest ally. Locality.
Seirus castaneiventris griseo- Se. ¢. griseopectus Assam
pectus
Selurus tenis taban Sc. tenuis Low country,
Malay Penin-
sula
Seurus miacclellandi novemli- Sc. me. typicus Tenasserim
neatus
Funambulus rufigenis belfieldi fF. rufigenis typicus e
Mus ciliatus Mus edwardsi Yunnan
Mus ferreocanus Mus berdmoyei Mergui
Mus bukit Mus jerdoni Tenasserint
In conclusion, it may, I think, be taken as proved:
(1) That the origin of the submontane species of the Peninsula
is Indo-Malayan and comparatively recent in time, the species have
spread N.-W. from the Sunda Islands rather than 8.-E. from Burma,
999
on! ont one
(2) That the actual mountain fauna is composed of two elements——
Wiz,
(w) Continental,
(b) Sunatran,
(a) is largely in excess and consists of species, for the
most part, identical or only shghtly differentiated
from the congeneric forms in Tenasserim and
Burma at similar elevations ; :
(b) is less dominant and comprises species identical
with or very closely allied to West Sumatran
mountain species.
(3) That the connection with the Bornean mountain fauna is very
distant. We may also infer that, at some geological epoch by no
means distant, the land area of the Peninsula was very much less than
is at present the case, and that the connection with Tenasserim has
been continuous or only interrupted for very brief spaces both in time
and distance.
(4) That there has been a direet land connection with Sumatra, also
in comparatively recent times.
(5) That the southern portion of the Peninsula-—from some point
N. of the mouth of the Muar River, meluding Mt. Ophir, and the area
on the east side of the Peninsula, south of the Pahang River, at its
confluence with the Triang—has been at some very recent time discon-
nected with the mainland. This is shown, by the entire absence of all
Tenasserim and endemic species of birds, and by the faet that the line
roughly indicated is the southern boundary of such continental
mammals, as Sc. concolor and Sc. macclellandi; while it is the
northern limit of such insular forms as Sus vittatus and Sc. penin-
sularis.
F.M.S. Government lress.
da. Museums
- (1906/9)
296012
Ve
Malay States, Federat
Journal.
Sci
M
anpoiWER
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